{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:52:18Z","timestamp":1788443538639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryos and tumors share several characteristics, but embryos differ from tumors in their coordination of cellular\u2010 and tissue\u2010level processes, including organized differentiation, remodeling of tissues through apoptosis, and disciplined migrations of cells. Embryonic cellular events are kept on track through orderly cell\u2013cell communication via signal transduction pathways. If the pathways are disrupted, development is perturbed, and malformation may result. Despite profound differences between embryos and tumors, the study of one has benefited our understanding of the other. Using cyclopia as an example, the history of humans' beliefs concerning and reactions to this horrific malformation are explored. During the latter half of the 20th century, interest in cyclopic sheep from high pastures in western Idaho led to the discovery that cyclopia occurred after pregnant ewes foraged in fields containing corn lily (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Veratrum californicum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>). Eventually, the proximate teratogen was identified as cyclopamine (a steroidal alkaloid). The teratogenic mechanism was identified as inhibition of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction pathway. Alert cancer researchers noted that a prominent form of medulloblastoma (a devasting childhood brain tumor) overexpressed Shh. Cyclopamine effectively inhibited the tumor in mice and killed human medulloblastoma cells in vitro. Thus, over a 60\u2010year period, a molecule causing hideous malformations and much emotional pain was discovered and then found capable of restraining a destructive tumor, potentially saving children's lives and sparing emotional devastation of their families. The success of identifying cyclopamine as a cause of cyclopia and a potential cure for medulloblastoma emerged from mechanistic research shared by multiple disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T11:00:51Z","timestamp":1577530851000},"page":"219-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Of embryos and tumors: Cyclopia and the relevance of mechanistic teratology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"DeSesso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Alexandria Virginia"},{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Abel O.1914.Die Tierre der Vorwelt B G Teubner Leipzig\u2010Berlin cited in Kalantzis et al. 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"The teratological records of Chaldea","volume":"1","author":"Ballantyne J. 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