{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1783144956040,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOA DD09\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOA DD09\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA 02081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA 02081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA 96043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA 96043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200\u20102000\u201008018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200\u20102000\u201008018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIEHS T32\u2010ES010957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIEHS T32\u2010ES010957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies suggested associations between maternal smoking, a source of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other chemicals, and central nervous system and face birth defects; however, no previous studies have evaluated maternal occupational PAH exposure itself.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jobs held in the periconceptional period were retrospectively assigned for occupational PAH exposures. Associations between maternal occupational PAH exposure and selected rare defects of the face (cataracts, microphthalmia, glaucoma, microtia, and choanal atresia) and central nervous system (holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and Dandy\u2010Walker malformation) were evaluated using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population\u2010based case\u2013control study in the United States. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate associations between each evaluated defect and PAH exposure using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food and beverage serving, as well as cooks and food preparation occupations, were among the most frequent jobs held by exposed mothers. Cataracts, microtia, microphthalmia, and holoprosencephaly were significantly associated with PAH exposure with evidence of dose\u2013response (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values for trend \u2264.05). Hydrocephaly was associated with any PAH exposure, but not significant for trend. Sensitivity analyses that reduced possible sources of exposure misclassification tended to strengthen associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first population\u2010based case\u2013control study to evaluate associations between maternal occupational PAH exposures and these rare birth defects of the central nervous system and face.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T13:04:17Z","timestamp":1579007057000},"page":"404-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Association between maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and rare birth defects of the face and central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2076-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albeliz","family":"Santiago\u2010Col\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u2010Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet D.","family":"Cragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147122.97061.bb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199911)36:5<573::AID-AJIM9>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.4.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meg052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20626"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention N Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities NBDPS Public Access Procedures. (n.d.) Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/nbdps-public-access-procedures.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960823)64:3<465::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000214)90:4<320::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.048256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.8.FOCUS16280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2014.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700120509"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101833"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/12-104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.6.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30244"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306941"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.) Cerebellar Hypoplasia Information Page. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/Disorders\/All-Disorders\/Cerebellar-Hypoplasia-Information-Page."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23389"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2019). OSHA Annotated PELs Table Z\u20101. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dsg\/annotated-pels\/tablez-1.html#annotated_table_Z-1."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19971212)73:2<217::AID-AJMG20>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8072675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19961218)66:3<320::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.627293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-009-0455-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","volume-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.8.745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.S1.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b454d8"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdr2.1643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T23:44:40Z","timestamp":1694043880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.1643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1643","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}