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Pathogenic variants in several genes have been linked to these conditions, but little is known about nongenetic risk factors. We investigated the association between maternal nutrition and PCG and ASDs in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population\u2010based, multicenter case\u2013control study of major birth defects in the United States. Mothers of cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009152) and control infants without a birth defect (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20099,178) completed an interview which included a food frequency questionnaire capturing usual dietary intake in the year before pregnancy. Maternal nutrition was assessed through individual nutrient intake, calculating a Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy (DQI\u2010P) score for each mother, and using latent class analysis to empirically derive four dietary patterns. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression. The results for individual nutrients varied, with some having an inverse or U\u2010shaped pattern of association with increasing intake. The DQI\u2010P was not associated with risk of PCG and ASDs (aOR 0.91; CI 0.49\u20131.66, highest vs. lowest quartile). The dietary pattern analysis suggested lower odds among women with a Prudent and Mexican dietary pattern (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.52\u20131.29; aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.36\u20131.78, respectively) compared to those with a Western dietary pattern. We found that higher intake of some nutrients and certain dietary patterns may be inversely associated with PCG and ASDs, though caution is urged due to imprecision of estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T09:18:54Z","timestamp":1583831934000},"page":"503-514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Maternal diet as a risk factor for primary congenital glaucoma and defects of the anterior segment of the eye in the <scp>National Birth Defects Prevention Study<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2179-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Program in Health Disparities Research University of Minnesota Twin Cities  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina E.","family":"Forestieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Center for Health Statistics North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania A.","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Center for Health Statistics North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon F.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari E.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Agriculture Research Service(n.d.). 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L. \u2026Prevention D.(2016).Lower rate of selected congenital heart defects with better maternal diet quality: A population\u2010based study.Archives of Disease in Childhood \u2013 Fetal and Neonatal Edition 101(1) F43\u2010F49.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2014-308013","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-308013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90293-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60567-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(83)90174-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10008-1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.201376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00168-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02061-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13816810801908152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000182"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"648","article-title":"Intralysosomal iron induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin D\u2010mediated cell death in trabecular meshwork cells exposed to oxidative stress","volume":"51","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/38.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"320","article-title":"Colobomatous microphthalmos in a New Zealand white rabbit, arising from a colongy with suspected vitamin E deficiency","volume":"45","author":"Nielsen J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obermann\u2010Borst S. A. Vujkovic M. De Vries J. H. Wildhagen M. F. Looman C. W. &Jonge R. De.(2011).A maternal dietary pattern characterised by fish and seafood in association with the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring BJOG: an international Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 118(10) 1205\u20131215https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02984.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801983229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-2-227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.094920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw G. M. Carmichael S. L. Yang W. Selvin S. &Schaffer D. 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