{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:08:52Z","timestamp":1791889732160,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]],"date-time":"2020-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>I plan to review the types of defects caused by gestational hyperthermia. Hyperthermia\u2010induced malformations in animals and humans involve many organs and structures, particularly the central nervous system, as well as other defects. The type of defect is related to the timing of the hyperthermic insult, and the underlying mechanisms include cell death, membrane disruption, vascular disruption, and placental infarction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Review of recent epidemiologic studies (2005\u20132020) has confirmed an association between gestational hyperthermia and birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are strong associations between neural tube defects and maternal fever, and other studies have demonstrated associations between first trimester hyperthermia and an increased risk for cardiovascular defects, oral clefts, isolated congenital ear defects, cataracts, hypospadias, renal anomalies, possibly anorectal malformations, and congenital anomalies in general, suggesting that this association between maternal hyperthermia and birth defects in humans is causal. The first prospective evaluation of maternal fever was reported in 1998, and this study confirmed findings from previous case\u2010control studies and case series regarding the magnitude and duration of elevated maternal body temperature in relation to an increased risk for neural tube defects as well as a specific pattern of malformation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The consistency of findings across these different study designs supports the causal nature of the relationship between maternal fever and specific birth defects. This review summarizes the recent human evidence documenting the gestational effects of maternal hyperthermia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T06:24:09Z","timestamp":1595226249000},"page":"943-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Update on the gestational effects of maternal hyperthermia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"John M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics and Dysmorphology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center and Harbor\u2010UCLA Medical Center, Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2006.00108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903499415"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-88"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology 2014 210 4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199812)58:6<251::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"The relationships between exposure of periconceptional environmental risk factors and risks of common, structural birth defects","volume":"29","author":"Chen G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20540"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36118","article-title":"Risk and protective factors in the origin of conotruncal defects of heart\u2014A population\u2010based case\u2010control study","volume":"161","author":"Cs\u00e1ky\u2010Szunyogh M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics. 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