{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:42:41Z","timestamp":1771051361134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1002600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1002600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the maternal risk factors on congenital heart defects (CHDs) have often been assessed, paternal contribution to CHDs, especially the joint effects of paternal risk factors on CHDs remain unknown. This study examined the major impacts of paternal alcohol consumption and its interaction (on multiplicative and additive scales) with paternal socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental exposures on CHDs in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population\u2010based case\u2013control study involving 4,726 singleton CHDs cases and 4,726 controls (without any malformation and matched on hospital, gender, and gestational age) was conducted in Guangdong, China, 2004\u20132014. Information on parental demographics, behavioral patterns, disease\/medication, and environmental exposures (3 months before pregnancy) was collected through face\u2010to\u2010face interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while controlling for all parental factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paternal alcohol consumption was associated with an increased OR of CHDs (adjusted OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 2.25\u20133.65). Additionally, paternal smoking, industry occupation, organic solvent contact, virus infection and antibiotic use, living in rural areas, low household income, and migrant status were significantly associated with CHDs (ORs ranged: 1.42\u20134.44). Significant additive or multiplicative interactions were observed between paternal alcohol consumption and paternal smoking, industrial occupation, and low income on any CHDs (interaction contrast ratio [ICR] = 4.72, 95% CI: 0.96\u20138.47] and septal defects (ICRs ranged from 2.04 to 2.79, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paternal alcohol consumption and multiple paternal factors were significantly associated with CHDs in China. Paternal smoking and low SES factors modified paternal alcohol consumption\u2013CHDs relationships. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T06:25:27Z","timestamp":1595399127000},"page":"1273-1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of interactive effects between paternal alcohol consumption and paternal socioeconomic status and environmental exposures on congenital heart defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7642-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences  Guangzhou Guangdong 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Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Matale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University at Albany, State University of New York  Albany New York 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