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Moderate\u2010to\u2010high levels of alcohol consumption in pregnancy result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) disorders, with brain defects being chief among the abnormalities. Recent findings indicate that while light\u2010to\u2010moderate levels may not cause FAS, it may contribute to epigenetic changes that make the offspring prone to adverse health outcomes including metabolic disorders and an increased propensity in the adolescent\u2010onset of drinking alcohol. On the one hand, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes epigenetic changes that affect lipid and glucose transcript regulating genes resulting in metabolic abnormalities. On the other hand, it can program offspring for increased alcohol intake, enhance its palatability, and increase acceptance of alcohol's flavor through associative learning, making alcohol a plausible second hit for the development of alcohol\u2010induced liver disease. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Alterations on the opioid system, particularly, the mu\u2010opioid system, has been implicated in the mechanism that induces increased alcohol consumption and acceptance. This review proposes a mechanism that links PAE to the development of alcoholism and eventually to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which results from prolonged alcohol consumption. While PAE may not lead to ALD development in childhood, there are chances that it may lead to ALD in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T14:24:03Z","timestamp":1613312643000},"page":"451-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<scp>Early\u2010life<\/scp>exposure to alcohol and the risk of<scp>alcohol\u2010induced<\/scp>liver disease in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernice","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor Tapiwa","family":"Nyakudya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine University of Pretoria Gezina South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Busisani Wiseman","family":"Lembede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliton","family":"Chivandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000125354.15808.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2016.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/pmc.2017.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.12.9047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.9.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/jbio\/2010023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810490265450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.6.845"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-150022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Peroxisomes are involved in the swift increase in alcohol metabolism","volume":"288","author":"Bradford B. 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