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All live births, stillbirths, and spontaneous abortions delivered at the participating hospitals affected with selected birth defects between August 2015 and December 2018 were included. Trained midwives collected data from hospital records, maternal interviews, photographs, and narrative descriptions of birth defects. We estimated NTD prevalence per 10,000 births (live, stillbirths, spontaneous abortions), prevalence ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 110,752 births from 107,133 women were included in the analysis; 9,394 (8.8%) women were HIV\u2010infected and among those with HIV infection, 95.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08,977) were on ART at delivery. Overall, 109 births were affected with NTDs, giving a prevalence of 9.8 (95% CI [8.2, 11.9]). Spina bifida (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a063) was the most common type of NTD, with a prevalence of 5.7 (95% CI [4.4, 7.3]), followed by anencephaly (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a031), with a prevalence of 2.8 (95% CI [2.0, 4.0]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of NTDs among births in Kampala, Uganda is consistent with current estimates for Africa. With the continued introduction of new medications that may be taken during pregnancy, sustainable birth defect surveillance systems and pharmacovigilance are indicated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T06:24:09Z","timestamp":1636698249000},"page":"95-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence of neural tube defects, maternal <scp>HIV<\/scp> status, and antiretroviral therapy from a hospital\u2010based birth defect surveillance in Kampala, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Barlow\u2010Mosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Serunjogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Kalibbala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mumpe\u2010Mwanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhelia","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Tinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Namale","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolly","family":"Nankunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Makerere University College of Health Sciences  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Mulago Specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Nabunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Makerere University College of Health Sciences  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Birabwa\u2010Male","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mulago National Referral Hospital  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU)  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Makerere University College of Health Sciences  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry Steering Committee. 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