{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:02:27Z","timestamp":1785207747166,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies found consistent associations between pregestational diabetes and birth defects. Given the different biological mechanisms for type 1 (PGD1) and type 2 (PGD2) diabetes, we used National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) data to estimate associations by diabetes type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NBDPS was a study of major birth defects that included pregnancies with estimated delivery dates from October 1997 to December 2011. We compared self\u2010reported PGD1 and PGD2 for 29,024 birth defect cases and 10,898 live\u2010born controls. For case groups with \u22655 exposed cases, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between specific defects and each diabetes type. We calculated crude ORs (cORs) and 95% CIs with Firth's penalized likelihood for case groups with 3\u20134 exposed cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 252 (0.9%) cases and 24 (0.2%) control mothers reported PGD1, and 357 (1.2%) cases and 34 (0.3%) control mothers reported PGD2. PGD1 was associated with 22\/26 defects examined and PGD2 was associated with 29\/39 defects examined. Adjusted ORs ranged from 1.6 to 70.4 for PGD1 and from 1.6 to 59.9 for PGD2. We observed the strongest aORs for sacral agenesis (PGD1: 70.4, 32.3\u2013147; PGD2: 59.9, 25.4\u2013135). For both PGD1 and PGD2, we observed elevated aORs in every body system we evaluated, including central nervous system, orofacial, eye, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiac defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed positive associations between both PGD1 and PGD2 and birth defects across multiple body systems. Future studies should focus on the role of glycemic control in birth defect risk to inform prevention efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T09:33:48Z","timestamp":1654508028000},"page":"56-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk of birth defects by pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Marchincin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Howley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa R.","family":"Van Zutphen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University at Albany  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Nestoridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Tinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn L.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University at Albany  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S298748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2010.00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self\u2010report of diabetes and claims\u2010based identification of diabetes among Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"69","author":"Day H. 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