{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:33:03Z","timestamp":1747146783718,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review summarizes the most common potential pathways of neurodevelopmental toxicity due to perinatal exposure to \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC) that lead to behavioral and other adverse outcomes (AOs). This is Part III in a set of reviews highlighting the animal\u2010derived data considered by California's Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant Identification Committee (DARTIC) in 2019. The Hazard Identification Document (HID) provided to the DARTIC included a summary of human, whole animal, and mechanistic data on the neurodevelopmental toxicity of cannabis smoke and \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC. The literature search for mechanistic data has been updated through 2020. We focus on mechanistic pathways relating to behavioral and other neurodevelopmental outcomes of perinatal exposure to \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC. The endocannabinoid system (EC system) plays a crucial role in many processes involved in neurodevelopment and exposure to \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC can alter these processes. Whole animal studies report changes in cognitive ability, behavior, and motor function after prenatal exposure to \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC. Findings from mechanistic studies add to this evidence and further provide information regarding the pathways leading to these outcomes. Neuromechanistic studies can bridge the gaps between molecular initiating events and apical neurodevelopmental endpoints caused by a chemical. They offer insight into potential alterations in the same pathways by other chemicals that can also result in AOs. Studies of cannabinoid receptor agonist\u2010induced molecular alterations and provide deep biological plausibility at the mechanistic level for the cognitive, behavioral, and motor impairments observed in animal studies after perinatal exposure to \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010THC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T11:16:18Z","timestamp":1663672578000},"page":"1169-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Animal evidence considered in determination of cannabis smoke and <scp>\u0394<sup>9<\/sup><\/scp>\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol as causing reproductive toxicity (developmental endpoint): Part <scp>III<\/scp>. Proposed neurodevelopmental mechanisms of action"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2975-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassaman","family":"Niknam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poorni","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlissa A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha S.","family":"Sandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Zeise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)\/Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch (RCHAB) California Environmental Protection Agency  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_20_2_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28689-z"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_20_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.09.009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_20_4_1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(03)00005-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_20_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2018.05.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_20_6_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.034"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonelli T. 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