{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:56:36Z","timestamp":1789732596709,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Evidence on the direction and strength of association between maternal age and the prevalence of congenital heart defects (CHD) in different age group categories is conflicting. Some studies have illustrated different trends with an increase in prevalence in younger and older age groups while other studies have reported a linear relationship. Given the increase in maternal age over recent years, it is important to study the CHD prevalence by maternal age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To examine the association between maternal age and the prevalence of CHD in Europe between 1995 and 2015 using population\u2010based data from 24 registries belonging to the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) network.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Associations over time of all nonsyndromic CHD according to maternal age category and for three CHD severity groupings (severity group I: very severe; severity group II: severe; severity group III: less severe) were examined using Bayesian multilevel Poisson regression modeling. Further subgroup analyses were undertaken within four maternal age\u2010bands: \u226424, 25\u201329, 30\u201334 and 35\u201344\u2009years. Descriptive summaries are also presented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were 51,608 nonsyndromic CHD cases in Europe over the 20\u2010year study period. Total prevalence for all CHD combined was increased for younger mothers (\u226424\u2009years) and for mothers 35\u201344\u2009years of age when compared with mothers aged 25\u201329\u2009years (reference group) (IRR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.07). The total prevalence was increased for severity group I (very severe) only for younger mothers compared to those aged 25\u201329\u2009years (IRR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.23). We found an increased prevalence of the following CHD subtypes: double outlet right ventricle (IRR:1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.60), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (IRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.32), hypoplastic right heart syndrome (IRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), atrioventricular septal defect (IRR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32), coarctation of aorta (IRR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.28) and atrial septal defect (IRR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13). For older mothers (35\u201344\u2009years) compared to the reference category, we observed an increased risk in the prevalence for severity group II (IRR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.14), severity group III (IRR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and an increased prevalence of the CHD subtypes: Pulmonary valve stenosis (IRR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.34), ASD (IRR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13), CoA (IRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.32) and Tetralogy of Fallot (IRR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.28). Finally, for all age categories compared to the reference category, different associations of ASD and an increased prevalence of CoA was also observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Based on data for cases of CHD from 24 European population\u2010based registries, evidence of a positive association between maternal age and the total prevalence of CHD for younger (\u226424\u2009years old) and older (35\u201344\u2009years old) mothers was observed. The results suggest that young maternal age (\u226424\u2009years old) is a factor associated with severe CHD phenotypes while a positive association between advanced maternal age (35\u201344\u2009years old) and mild CHD phenotypes was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T12:10:14Z","timestamp":1675426214000},"page":"583-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Maternal age and the prevalence of congenital heart defects in Europe, 1995\u20132015: A register\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Chrysovalanto","family":"Mamasoula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theophile","family":"Bigirumurame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Claude","family":"Addor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman\u2010Mother\u2010Child University Medical Center CHUV Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Cavero\u2010Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Diseases Research Unit Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle UK"},{"name":"Epidemiology Department National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis\u2010Javier","family":"Echevarr\u00eda\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010de\u2010Garibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Basque Government. 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