{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:48:49Z","timestamp":1771519729830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1993) reported male reproductive effects in a sodium cyanide (NaCN) drinking water study. The critical effect, decreased cauda epididymis weights, was used by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for their hazard characterization and risk assessment of hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts. To further investigate potential male reproductive effects, we conducted a new 90\u2010day drinking water study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study expanded evaluations of testes and thyroid. Male F344 rats received NaCN in drinking water at 0, 0 (water restricted; paired to top dose), 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300\u2009ppm for 13\u2009weeks, followed by 10\u2010weeks recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma thiocyanate increased dose\u2010dependently but returned to baseline during recovery. NaCN caused neither effects on survival, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, thyroid hormones, testes or epididymides weights, sperm motility\/viability, sperm morphology, or sperm production; nor clinical, ophthalmic, or histopathologic findings. Increased organ weights in thyroid\/parathyroid and liver occurred at 300\u2010ppm but were recoverable. No changes occurred in male reproductive organs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Absent adverse effects, the NOAEL was 300\u2009ppm (21.66\u2009mg\/kg\/day; highest dose tested). Based on organ weight increases at 300\u2009ppm, the NOEL was 100\u2009ppm (7.46\u2009mg\/kg\/day).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T05:19:39Z","timestamp":1677475179000},"page":"722-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A new <scp>90\u2010day<\/scp> drinking water study of sodium cyanide in rats to further evaluate National Toxicology Program findings and inform risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Melinda C.","family":"Tyner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety Assessment Charles River Laboratories, Inc.  Ashland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Greeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety Assessment Charles River Laboratories, Inc.  Ashland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for cyanide","author":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90145-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.31.1S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.10041"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Cyanide\u2010induced hypothyroidism in male Wistar","volume":"55","author":"Daniel A. T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nigerian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"EPA. (1998).Health Effects Test Guidelines. OPPTS 870.3100 90\u2010Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents. 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