{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:23:09Z","timestamp":1790709789948,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Research focus<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide used primarily to control pests on a variety of food and feed crops. Humans are directly or indirectly exposed to this pesticide through food, air, and occupation. The ill effects of chlorpyrifos on various organ systems of human has been widely documented, but less is known about its influence on human bones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the effect of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites 3,5,6\u2010trichloro\u20102\u2010pyridinol (TCPy) on the skeletal system of the chick embryo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fertilized chick eggs were exposed to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6\u2010TCPy on 1.5\u2009days of incubation. The proximal phalanx of 18\u2010day\u2010old embryos was analyzed for defects in growth and ossification through histopathology, immunohistochemistry, angiogenesis assay, and gene expression study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dose\u2010dependent variations in developing bone of chick embryo were observed. Histochemical and histomorphometry studies of proximal phalanx showed increased in the growth plate length (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(9, 59)\u00a0=\u00a0228.9509, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.00001) with a reduction in the total length of the phalanx (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(9, 59)\u00a0=\u00a0109.9905, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.00001), decreased mineralization (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(9, 59)\u00a0=\u00a0224.6872, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.00001), decreased blood islands in the bone marrow (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(9, 59)\u00a0=\u00a07.7083, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0001) of chlorpyrifos, and 3,5,6\u2010TCPy\u2010exposed group. Significant downregulations in the expression patterns of the transcription factors, such as SOX9, RUNX2, and ALP, were also observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6\u2010TCPy exposure alters the chondrogenesis in the growth plate cartilage of long bone in chick embryo. The pesticide and its metabolite also interfere in ossification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T07:10:43Z","timestamp":1682925043000},"page":"1063-1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on skeletal system development of chick embryo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-789X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swathi Priyadarshini","family":"Chandra Sekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tagore Medical College and Hospital  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Thotakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Jyothi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences &amp; Research  Chittoor Andhrapradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Manickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayaprakash","family":"Chanemougavally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, A.C.S Medical College and Hospital Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute Velappanchavadi  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaliaperumal","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhandapani Hari","family":"Gopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tagore Medical College and Hospital  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ijar.B-569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1017802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1171104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Endochondral and intramembranous fetal bone development: Osteoblastic cell proliferation, and expression of alkaline phosphatase, m\u2010twist, and histone H4","volume":"16","author":"Alborzi A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2003.1698.1705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.04.606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ijar.B-569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(94)90071-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1979.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Bonfanti P. 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