{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:39:54Z","timestamp":1787243994683,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine consumption is common during pregnancy, but published associations with birth defects are mixed. We updated estimates of associations between prepregnancy caffeine consumption and 48 specific birth defects from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) for deliveries from 1997 to 2011.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NBDPS was a large population\u2010based case\u2013control study conducted in 10 U.S. states. We categorized self\u2010reported total dietary caffeine consumption (mg\/day) from coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate as: &lt;10, 10 to &lt;100, 100 to &lt;200, 200 to &lt;300, and\u2009\u2265\u2009300. We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs [95% confidence intervals]). Analyses for defects with \u22655 exposed case children were adjusted for maternal race\/ethnicity, age at delivery, body mass index, early pregnancy cigarette smoking and alcohol use, and study site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis included 30,285 case and 11,502 control children, with mothers of 52% and 54%, respectively, reporting consuming &lt;100\u2009mg caffeine, and 11% of mothers of both cases and controls reported consuming \u2265300\u2009mg per day. Low (10 to &lt;100\u2009mg\/day) levels of prepregnancy caffeine consumption were associated with statistically significant increases in aORs (1.2\u20131.7) for 10 defects. Associations with high (\u2265300\u2009mg\/day) levels of caffeine were generally weaker, except for craniosynostosis and aortic stenosis (aORs\u00a0=\u00a01.3 [1.1\u20131.6], 1.6 [1.1\u20132.3]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the large number of estimates generated, some of the statistically significant results may be due to chance and thus the weakly increased aORs should be interpreted cautiously. This study supports previous observations suggesting lack of evidence for meaningful associations between caffeine consumption and the studied birth defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T05:13:34Z","timestamp":1679375614000},"page":"921-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal dietary caffeine consumption and risk of birth defects in the\n                    <scp>National Birth Defects Prevention Study<\/scp>\n                    , 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Williford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York 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A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease 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