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While in some, this role subsides around the end of active organogenesis, it continues to have important functions in rodents, alongside the chorio\u2010allantoic placenta. The yolk sac is the initial site of hematopoiesis in many animal species including primates. Cells of epiblastic origin form blood islands that are the forerunners of hematopoietic cells and of the primitive endothelial cells that form the vitelline circulation. The yolk sac is also a major route of embryonic and fetal nutrition apparently as long as it functions. In mammals and especially rodents, macro and micronutrients are absorbed by active pinocytosis into the visceral yolk sac, degraded and the degradation products (i.e., amino acids) are then transferred to the embryo. Interference with the yolk sac function may directly reflect on embryonic growth and development, inducing congenital malformations or in extreme damage, causing embryonic and fetal death. In rodents, many agents were found to damage the yolk sac (i.e., anti\u2013yolk sac antibodies or toxic substances interfering with yolk sac pinocytosis) subsequently affecting the embryo\/fetus. Often, the damage to the yolk sac is transient while embryonic damage persists. In humans, decreased yolk sac diameter was associated with diabetic pregnancies and increased diameter was associated with pregnancy loss. In addition, culture of rat yolk sacs in serum obtained from pregnant diabetic women or from women with autoimmune diseases induced severe damage to the visceral yolk sac epithelium and embryonic malformations. It can be concluded that as a result of the crucial role of the yolk sac in the well\u2010being of the early embryo, any damage to its normal function may severely and irreversibly affect further development of the embryo\/fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T01:45:29Z","timestamp":1679535929000},"page":"1243-1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Yolk sac development, function and role in rodent pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher","family":"Ornoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Adelson School of Medicine Ariel University and Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Departments of Obstetrics\/Gynecology, of Pediatrics, of Pathology and of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester  Rochester New York 14642 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001040305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1994.tb01096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.140269"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"461","article-title":"A histochemical and biochemical study of some aspects of placental function in the rat using maternal injection of horseradish peroxidase","volume":"101","author":"Beck F.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Investigations into mechanisms of amino acid supply to the rat embryo using whole\u2010embryo culture","volume":"41","author":"Beckman D. 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