{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:23:15Z","timestamp":1785032595155,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal stress is a significant risk factor affecting pregnant women and fetal health. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of immobility stress at different periods of pregnancy on oxidative stress, inflammation, placental apoptosis and intrauterine growth retardation in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty adult virgin female <jats:italic>Wistar albino<\/jats:italic> rats were used. Pregnant rats were exposed to 6\u2009h\/day immobilization stress in a wire cage at different stages of pregnancy. Groups I and II (Day 1\u201310 stress group) were sacrificed on the 10th day of pregnancy, and Group III, Group IV (10\u201319th\u2010day stress group), and Group V (1\u201319th\u2010day stress group) were sacrificed on the 19th day of pregnancy. Inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) and interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010), serum corticotropin\u2010releasing hormone (CRH), and corticosterone levels were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels in the placenta were spectrophotometrically measured. Histopathological analyses of the placenta were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and caspase\u20103 immunoreactivity in placenta tissues were determined by the indirect immunohistochemical method. Placental apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL staining method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the immobility stress during pregnancy significantly increased serum corticosterone levels. Our results showed that the immobility stress diminished the number and weight of fetuses in rats compared to the non\u2010stress group. The immobility stress caused significant histopathological changes in the connection zone and labyrinth zone and increased placental TNF\u2010\u03b1 and caspase\u20103 immunoreactivity and placental apoptosis. In addition, immobility stress significantly increased the levels of pro\u2010inflammatory IL\u20106 and MDA and caused a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and anti\u2010inflammatory IL\u201010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that immobility stress causes intrauterine growth retardation by activating the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis and deteriorating placental histomorphology and deregulating inflammatory and oxidative processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T07:28:09Z","timestamp":1688542089000},"page":"1398-1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prenatal immobility stress: Relationship with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and intrauterine growth restriction in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Sinem Albayrak","family":"Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery Biruni University, Faculty of Health Sciences  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza Malik","family":"Okuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation\u2010Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Technologies Application and Research Center Sakarya University of Applied Sciences  Sakarya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Fidanol","family":"Erbo\u011fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embriology Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine  Tekirda\u011f T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sava\u015f","family":"G\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University  Tekirda\u011f T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsen","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpasa Istanbul  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130hsan","family":"Karabo\u011fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine K\u0131rklareli University  K\u0131rklareli T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200008000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20180587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1516773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90080-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.12.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"536","article-title":"Use it or lose it\u2014the hazards of bed rest and inactivity","volume":"154","author":"Corcoran P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"CD000110","article-title":"Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Crowther C. 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