{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:00:33Z","timestamp":1769821233696,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies demonstrated that children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are more likely to have vision impairments. However, existing human clinical and epidemiological investigations are few and include limited sample sizes. This study aimed to explore the association between ophthalmologic abnormalities and FASD in a sample of 5\u20137\u2009year old children in the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross\u2010sectional study nested in a larger study intended to estimate the prevalence of FASD in San Diego, California, conducted between 2012 and 2014. Prenatal exposure to alcohol, dysmorphology examinations, and a neurobehavioral testing battery were collected for each child and an FASD diagnosis was assigned. Parents of participating children were asked to release their child's vision screening or diagnostic records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vision records were obtained for 424 participants in the larger prevalence study. Of these, 53 children were classified as having FASD. A statistically significant association was found between FASD and a diagnosis of strabismus; 5\/42 (11.9%) of children who were classified as having FASD had strabismus compared to 6\/290 (2.1%) of children who were not classified as having FASD (<jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u2009.01). All five cases of strabismus in the FASD group occurred in 19 children classified as having partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS). No association was found between FASD and vision impairment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.23), refractive errors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.66), glasses\/contact lens prescription (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.30), or having one or more ophthalmological abnormalities (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.97).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An association between strabismus and FASD, specifically partial FAS, suggests that the effect of alcohol exposure on risk of strabismus must be severe enough to result in facial features consistent with FASD. This emphasizes the importance of vision screening in children with FASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T05:54:41Z","timestamp":1689659681000},"page":"1208-1215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vision outcomes in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Lyubasyuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Lyons","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle Ann","family":"Caesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: Guidelines for referral and diagnosis","author":"Bertrand J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.120220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"68","volume-title":"understanding genetics: A New England guide for patients and health professionals","author":"Genetic Alliance, The New England Public Health Genetics Education Collaborative","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"e115","article-title":"Visual perception problems and quality of life in young adults with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"100","author":"Gyllencreutz E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970101-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome\u2010Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 1995\u20101997","volume":"51","author":"MMWR","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome among children aged 7\u20109\u2009years\u2014Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 2010","volume":"64","author":"MMWR","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Rosenbaum A. L. Santiago A. P.(Eds.) (1999).Clinical strabismus management: Principles and surgical techniques(p. 592). WB Saunders."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children. (n.d.).Fact list. Deafness and Blindness [Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children Web site]. Available fromwww.nextsense.org.au\/services\/vision\/about-vision-loss. 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