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We explored whether neighborhood\u2010level socioeconomic position (nSEP) during pregnancy modified these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from 1269 gastroschisis cases and 10,217 controls in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997\u20132011). To characterize nSEP, we applied the neighborhood deprivation index and used generalized estimating equations to calculate odds ratios and relative excess risk due to interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated odds of gastroschisis were consistently associated with young maternal age and low\/normal BMI, regardless of nSEP. High\u2010deprivation neighborhoods modified the association with young maternal age. Infants of young mothers in high\u2010deprivation areas had lower odds of gastroschisis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6, 3.8) than young mothers in low\u2010deprivation areas (aOR: 6.6; 95% CI: 4.6, 9.4). Mothers of low\/normal BMI had approximately twice the odds of having an infant with gastroschisis compared to mothers with overweight\/obese BMI, regardless of nSEP (aOR range: 1.5\u20132.3).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest nSEP modified the association between gastroschisis and maternal age, but not BMI. Further research could clarify whether the modification is due to unidentified biologic and\/or non\u2010biologic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T10:45:50Z","timestamp":1689245150000},"page":"1438-1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Are individual\u2010level risk factors for gastroschisis modified by neighborhood\u2010level socioeconomic factors?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayna T.","family":"Neo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantel L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Carolina Population Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muge","family":"Gucsavas\u2010Calikoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon Pruitt","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Eagle Global Scientific LLC  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia L.","family":"Feldkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabassum Z.","family":"Insaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University at Albany  Rensselaer New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi I.","family":"Musfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Shumate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Werler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania A.","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00544-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmichael S. 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