{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:22:03Z","timestamp":1790713323386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA #96043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA #96043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA #02081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA #02081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOA #DD09\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOA #DD09\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOA #DD13\u2010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOA #DD13\u2010003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOFO #DD18\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOFO #DD18\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies report an association between prenatal maternal urinary tract infections (UTI) and specific congenital heart defects (CHDs); however, the role of fever and antibiotic use on this association is poorly understood. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, we examined whether the relationship between maternal UTIs during the periconceptional period and occurrence of CHDs is modified by the presence of fever due to UTI and corresponding antibiotic use among 11,704 CHD case infants and 11,636 live\u2010born control infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Information on UTIs, fever associated with UTI and antibiotic use (sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporins, penicillin, macrolides, and quinolones) during pregnancy were obtained using a computer\u2010assisted telephone interview. Using unconditional multivariable logistic regression, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) to determine the association between maternal UTIs and subtypes of CHDs. Analyses were stratified by the presence of fever and medication use associated with UTI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of UTIs during the periconceptional period was 7.6% in control mothers, and 8.7% in case mothers. In the absence of fever, UTI was associated with secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) (OR 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1\u20131.5) and in the absence of antibiotics, UTI was associated with conotruncal defects as a group and for four specific CHDs. When fever and UTI occurred concomitantly, no significantly elevated odds ratios were noticed for any subtypes of CHD. Among women with UTIs who used antibiotics, an elevated but statistically non\u2010significant estimate was observed for secundum ASD (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0\u20132.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings in the present study suggest that fever due to UTI and corresponding maternal antibiotic use do not substantially modify the association between maternal UTIs and specific CHDs in offspring. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to guide clinical management of UTIs during the periconceptional period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T09:49:43Z","timestamp":1702547383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fever and antibiotic use in maternal urinary tract infections during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenil","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Politis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Howley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn L.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, University at Albany  Rensselaer New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elijah H.","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2062-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Ailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice Y.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everett","family":"Magann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Nembhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Global report on birth defects: The hidden toll of dying and disabled children","author":"Christianson A. L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-2115(00)00364-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420430106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"346","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors of major cardiovascular malformations: The Baltimore\u2010Washington infant study 1981\u20101989","volume":"5","author":"Ferencz C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspectives in Pediatric Cardiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"51S","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults\u2010the evidence report","volume":"6","author":"Health, N.I.o","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(03)00012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.5.2479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420300211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"StataCorp L. College Station TX. (2019).STATA\u00ae Software Version 15 2019. 15."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.2281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T05:24:54Z","timestamp":1720675494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.2281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.2281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.2281","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2281"}}