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However, it is not known whether the prevalence or severity of craniofacial features associated with FAS is affected by biological sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study administered either alcohol (2.9\u2009g\/kg, two i.p. doses, 4\u2009hr apart) or vehicle to pregnant C57BL\/6J females on E7, prior to gonadal sex differentiation, and assessed fetal morphology at E17.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whereas sex did not affect fetal size in controls, alcohol\u2010exposed females were smaller than both control females and alcohol\u2010treated males. Alcohol exposure increased the incidence of eye defects to a similar degree in males and females. Together, these data suggest that females might be more sensitive to the general developmental effects of alcohol, but not effects specific to the craniofacies. Whole transcriptomic analysis of untreated E7 embryos found 214 differentially expressed genes in females vs. males, including those in pathways related to cilia and mitochondria, histone demethylase activity, and pluripotency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrulation\u2010stage alcohol induces craniofacial malformations in male and female mouse fetuses at similar rates and severity, though growth deficits are more prevalent females. These findings support the investigation of biological sex as a contributing factor in prenatal alcohol studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:22:30Z","timestamp":1703071350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gastrulation\u2010stage alcohol exposure induces similar rates of craniofacial malformations in male and female C57BL\/6J mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Boschen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Physiology SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance J.","family":"Dragicevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric W.","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin J.","family":"Hepperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"UNC Neuroscience Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.058990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"777","article-title":"Sex and strain\u2010dependent effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on craniofacial and brain development in mice","volume":"113","author":"Boschen K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.31.5.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0115-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1995.0159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/12-135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12126-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000204"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Sequential scanning electron microscopic analyses of normal and spontaneously occurring abnormal ocular development in C57B1\/6J mice","volume":"1986","author":"Cook C. 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