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Self\u2010reported water consumption and filtration methods were used to estimate maternal ingestion of DBPs. We estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression controlling for maternal age, education, body mass index (BMI), race\/ethnicity, and study site to examine associations between CHDs and both household DBP level and estimated ingestion of DBPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Household DBP exposure was assessed for 2717 participants (1495 cases and 1222 controls). We observed a broad range of positive, null, and negative estimates across eight specific CHDs and two summary exposures (trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) plus nine individual DBP species. Examining ingestion exposure among 2488 participants (1347 cases, 1141 controls) produced similarly inconsistent results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessing both household DBP level and estimated ingestion of DBPs, we did not find strong evidence of an association between CHDs and DBPs. Despite a large study population, DBP measurements were available for less than half of participant addresses, limiting study power.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:08:14Z","timestamp":1725008894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal Exposure to Tap Water Disinfection By\u2010Products and Risk of Selected Congenital Heart Defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Adrian\u00a0M.","family":"Michalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health Birth Defects Registry  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas\u00a0J.","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Zaganjor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul\u00a0A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin\u00a0M.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter\u00a0H.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences UTHealth School of Public Health \u2010 Austin Regional Campus  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia\u00a0L.","family":"Feldkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy\u00a0N.","family":"Nembhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, and Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahsa\u00a0M.","family":"Yazdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention Massachusetts Department of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela\u00a0E.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts 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