{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:10:20Z","timestamp":1785859820357,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infant mortality continues to be a significant problem for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Limited data exist on the recent trends of mortality in infants with CHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide\u2010Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) was queried to identify deaths occurring within the United States with CHD listed as one of the causes of death between 1999 and 2020. Subsequently, trends were calculated using the Joinpoint regression program (version 4.9.1.0; National Cancer Institute).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 47,015 deaths occurred in infants due to CHD at the national level from the year 1999 to 2020. The overall proportional infant mortality (compared to all deaths) declined (47.3% to 37.1%, average annual percent change [AAPC]: \u22121.1 [95% CI \u22121.6 to \u22120.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]). There was a significant decline in proportional mortality in both Black (45.3% to 34.3%, AAPC: \u22120.5 [\u22120.8 to \u22120.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002]) and White patients (55.6% to 48.6%, AAPC: \u22121.2 [\u22121.7 to \u22120.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001]), with a steeper decline among White than Black patients. A statistically significant decline in the proportional infant mortality in both non\u2010Hispanic (43.3% to 33.0%, AAPC: \u22121.3% [95% CI \u22121.9 to \u22120.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]) and Hispanic (67.6% to 57.7%, AAPC: \u22120.7 [95% CI \u22120.9 to \u22120.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]) patients was observed, with a steeper decline among non\u2010Hispanic infant population. The proportional infant mortality decreased in males (47.5% to 53.1%, AAPC: \u22121.4% [\u22121.9 to \u22120.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]) and females (47.1% to 39.6%, AAPC: \u22120.9 [\u22121.9 to 0.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05]). A steady decline in for both females and males was noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed a significant decrease in CHD\u2010related mortality rate in infants and age\u2010adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) between 1999 and 2020. However, sex\u2010based, racial\/ethnic disparities were noted, with female, Black, and Hispanic patients showing a lesser decline than male, White, and non\u2010Hispanic patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:34:13Z","timestamp":1725262453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temporal Trends of Infant Mortality Secondary to Congenital Heart Disease: National <scp>CDC<\/scp> Cohort Analysis (1999\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Muchi\u00a0Ditah","family":"Chobufo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafaqat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Louisiana State University  Shreveport Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amro","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Weiss Memorial Hospital  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanchit","family":"Duhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Carle Foundation Hospital  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Landmark Medical Center  Woonsocket Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Gonuguntla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipesh","family":"Ludhwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshith","family":"Thyagaturu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijeta","family":"Keisham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Shandong Second Medical University  Weifang Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Hartford Hospital  Hartford Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasar","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamas\u00a0A.","family":"Mamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University  Stoke\u2010on\u2010Trent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarshan","family":"Balla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014\u20103662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09\u20101140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.103.19.2376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Racial Differences by Gestational Age in Neonatal Deaths Attributable to Congenital Heart Defects \u2014 United States, 2003\u20102006","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR. 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