{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:41:57Z","timestamp":1769002917840,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DD000490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DD000490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastroschisis is a birth defect with the greatest risk among women &lt;20\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women attending the University of Utah's Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Diagnostic Center between 2011 and 2017 for either their routine diagnostic ultrasound or referral were recruited (cases: pregnant women with fetal gastroschisis, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953 participated\/57, 93%; controls: pregnant women without fetal abnormalities, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009102 participated\/120, 85%). A clinic coordinator consented and interviewed women and obtained a blood sample and prenatal medical records. We evaluated self\u2010reported maternal characteristics, risk factors, and infections. To assess pathogen seropositivity we used Serimmune's Serum Epitope Repertoire Analysis validated 35 pathogen panels and <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and compared seropositivity to self\u2010report and prenatal medical record screening to assess sensitivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were more likely to report a younger age at sexual debut (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009&lt;0.01), more sexual partners (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), being unmarried (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), changing partners between pregnancies (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009&lt;0.01), smoking cigarettes (&lt;0.01), and a recent sexually transmitted infection (STI) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). No differences were observed for self\u2010report of illicit drug use or periconceptional urinary tract infections. Cases had a higher seropositivity for cytomegalovirus (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). No differences were observed for herpes simplex I, II, or Epstein\u2013Barr. Though based on small numbers, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> seropositivity was highest in cases (17%) compared to controls (8.8%) with the highest proportion observed in case women &lt;20\u2009years of age (cases 33%; controls 0%). Any STI (self\u2010report or seropositivity) was also highest among cases &lt;20\u2009years of age (cases 47%; controls 0%). Among <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> seropositive women, self\u2010report and prenatal medical record sensitivity was 27.8% and 3%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were more likely to engage in behaviors that can increase their risk of exposure to sexually transmitted pathogens. Case women &lt;20\u2009years of age had the highest proportion of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> seropositivity and any STI. Prenatal medical records and self\u2010report were inadequate to identify a recent chlamydial infection whereas, the SERA assay is a novel approach for evaluating subclinical infections that may impact the developing embryo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T19:35:41Z","timestamp":1726601741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Self\u2010Reported Infections and Seropositivity Among Pregnant Women With Gastroschisis: A Case Control Study, With Emphasis on <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.\u00a0L.","family":"Feldkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Baum\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serimmune, Inc  Goleta California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.\u00a0Y.","family":"Enioutina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Krikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serimmune, Inc  Goleta California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Cervical Ectropion","author":"Aggarwal P.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817329.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infeciton (UTIs) or Genital Tract Infections (GTIs)? 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