{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:39:43Z","timestamp":1790800783525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous occupational studies have highlighted the risk of cancer associated with agricultural practices and exposure to agrochemicals in males and females in the workplace. Women working in tea plantations\/gardens often face educational, health, and socioeconomic challenges. They may be particularly vulnerable to the pesticide exposure owing to a lack of health awareness and education, other limitations and environmental and occupational factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of the review was to highlight the problem of pesticide exposure in women working in tea plantations\/gardens through a comprehensive appraisal of published literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature searches were performed using a range of keywords such as pesticide exposure to women, adverse birth outcomes, tea plantations\/gardens, placental outcomes, cancer, and so forth using online search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and so on.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review reports that women are frequently exposed to pesticides during tea leaf plucking activities in tea plantations\/gardens, which may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and may result in altered function of the placenta, fetal growth restrictions, low birth weight (LBW) of babies, and sex\u2010specific differences in the fetal development. These adverse effects may pose a potential risk of poor health, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and congenital birth defects leading to neurobehavioral disorders in childhood, and even cancer later in life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The adverse effects of pesticide exposure on pregnancy and the fetus in tea plantation workers were explained through the available epidemiological data and animal studies. The mechanism of toxicity due to pesticide exposure during pregnancy may involve the disruption of signaling pathway, leading to placental toxicity, and restricted fetal development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering limited epidemiological, biomonitoring, and pathological data on pesticide exposure in women working in tea plantations\/gardens, there is an urgent need for well\u2010designed cohort studies to delineate its consequences on reproductive health, pregnancy outcomes, and adverse effects in offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T10:45:44Z","timestamp":1743763544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pesticide Exposure in Agricultural Workplaces and Resultant Health Effects in Women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-6022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashi Nandar","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupation and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science  Noda Japan"},{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Laboratory ICMR\u2010National Institute of Pathology  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaid Hussain","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ala\u2010Too International University  Bishkek Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8802-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousra","family":"Reda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupation and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science  Noda Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5405-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haroon Habib","family":"Beigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ala\u2010Too International University  Bishkek Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banajit","family":"Bastia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Laboratory ICMR\u2010National Institute of Pathology  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4206-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar","family":"Vaibhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University  Augusta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2642-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Laboratory ICMR\u2010National Institute of Pathology  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh","family":"Raisuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Jamia Hamdard  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfab113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.761"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327109107045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29128"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"Ahmmed F. andM. I.Hossain.2016.\u201cA Study Report on Working Conditions of Tea Plantation Workers in Bangladesh.\u201d International Labor Organization 7\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20395"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-014-9830-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TX00094C"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.031070"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Indian Tea Scenario","volume":"3","author":"Arya N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1305"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166449"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"History of Tea Industry and Status of Tea Garden Workers of Assam","volume":"2","author":"Baishya D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Use Pattern of Pesticides in Tea Estates of North East India","volume":"47","author":"Barbora B.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Two and a Bud"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.103279"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Present Status of Use of Agrochemicals in Tea Industry of Eastern India and Future Directions","volume":"77","author":"Barooah A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science and Culture"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2016.1149132"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800218n"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/493882"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","volume-title":"Pathology of the Human Placenta","author":"Benirschke K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"7+","volume-title":"Women, Poverty, and Productivity in India","author":"Bennett L.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","volume-title":"Women Workers of Tea Plantations in India","author":"Bhadra M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927614013452"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287089"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3337"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Occupational Health Hazards of Tea Garden Workers of Hajua and Marangi Tea Estates of Assam, India","volume":"2","author":"Borgohain P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clarion"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Educational Status of Tea Plantation Women Workers in Assam: An Empirical Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bosumatari D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2003.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8855"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6259"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298669291360184"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2428"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6443.00201"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822380153","volume-title":"A Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post\/Colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation","author":"Chatterjee P.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","first-page":"138","article-title":"Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Tea Garden Communities of Assam, India","volume":"140","author":"Chelleng P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","unstructured":"Das G.1965.\u201cPESTS of Tea in North\u2010East India and Their Control.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1689-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-04202007000400005","article-title":"Ecophysiology of Tea","volume":"19","author":"Costa W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47626\/1679\u20104435\u20102020\u2010532"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-120920-111015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.09.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201011278\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7055-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2022.107106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116678693"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","unstructured":"Duara M. andS.Mallick.2012.\u201cTea Industry in Assam (India): Issues of Migration and Gender Discrimination.\u201d Proceedings of International Conference on History and Society Development (ICHSD2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108607"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.027011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Anterior Encephaloceles: 15\u2009Years' Experience at a Tertiary Centre in India","volume":"2","author":"Dutta H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2018.1556342"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","unstructured":"Engels D.1993.\u201cThe Myth of the Family Unit: Adivasi Women in Coal\u2010Mines and Tea Plantations\/Gardens in Early Twentieth\u2010Century Bengal. Dalit Movements and the Meaning of Labour in India.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016341003605719"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803620-4.00009-8","volume-title":"A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development","author":"Faqi A. S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure During Pregnancy and Adverse Perinatal Outcome","volume":"5","author":"Farahat T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113955"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql114"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franz N. A.Gupta D.Spears andD.Coffey.2022.\u201cUncertainty About Maternal Mortality in India: New Higher Estimates From the National Family Health Survey\u20104.\u201d","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/8as72"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J096v12n01_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2149156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","volume-title":"Annual Analysis of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies and Development Perspective for 35 States and Federal Territories of India: 2000\u20132010","author":"Giap T. K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","volume-title":"Longman Geography Icse 10","author":"Gita D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.35649"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000441","article-title":"Estimates and Correlates of District\u2010Level Maternal Mortality Ratio in India","volume":"2","author":"Goli S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1309"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.08.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","first-page":"813","article-title":"Pesticide Usage Pattern in Tea Ecosystem, Their Retrospects and Alternative Measures","volume":"29","author":"Gurusubramanian G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace","author":"Hage M. L.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0971097320130106","article-title":"Death due to Poisoning in District of Kamrup, Assam a Medico\u2010Legal Study","volume":"35","author":"Haloi M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394\u20106040.ijcmph20173842"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Hypertension in the Elderly Population of Assam","volume":"51","author":"Hazarika N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Hypertension and Its Risk Factors in Tea Garden Workers of Assam","volume":"15","author":"Hazarika N. C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"National Medical Journal of India"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010010\u20101680\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105461"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-66089","article-title":"Mother and Fetus both Survive from Severe Paraquat Intoxication","volume":"43","author":"Jenq C. C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158582"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420\u2010005\u20100614\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552070512331332273"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2470"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","unstructured":"Kane P. L.Dennerstein andWorld Health Organization.1999.\u201cHealth Systems and Community Health Cluster. Global Commission on Women's Health. Women and Occupational Health: Issues and Policy Paper for the Global Commission on Women's Health\/Editor: Penny Kane; Project Director: Lorraine Dennerstein.\u201d World Health Organization.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/65855."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_183_21"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.04.007","article-title":"Changes in Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Parameters Associated With Smokeless Tobacco and Pesticide Exposure Among Female Tea Garden Workers of Assam, India","volume":"217","author":"Kausar A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D18\u2010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010012\u20103034\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1652_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14239"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Study on Combined Effects of Ochratoxin A and Endosulfan on Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats","volume":"36","author":"Kumar S. N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22677"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Effective Public Policy Which Can Reduce Gender Discrimination in the Agricultural Labour Market: A Theoretical Investigation","volume":"55","author":"Kundu A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2016.03.0100"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1515\/bimo-2016-0003","article-title":"Human Biomonitoring: An Overview on Biomarkers and Their Application in Occupational and Environmental Health","volume":"3","author":"Ladeira C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomonitoring"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201000349\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.3.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/321213"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.971051344"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20896\/saci.v4i1.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/32084"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_124_1","volume-title":"Gendered Vulnerabilities: Women's Health and Access to Health Care in India","author":"Manasee M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002056"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36643-8_3","volume-title":"Latinx Farmworkers in the Eastern United States: Health, Safety, and Justice","author":"May J. J.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099090","article-title":"Self\u2010Reported Parental Exposure to Pesticide During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: The MecoExpo Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Mayhoub F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0595\u2010460"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500411429"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.28979","article-title":"Study of Health Problems and Nutritional Status of Tea Garden Population of Assam","volume":"60","author":"Medhi G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_133_1","first-page":"539","article-title":"Health Problems and Disability of Elderly Individuals in Two Population Groups From Same Geographical Location","volume":"54","author":"Medhi G. K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2022.2085844"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110855"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09584935.2010.549557"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.07.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010023\u201027601\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630217715237"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3133"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2015-000026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7490"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_145_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Blood Cholinesterases as Human Biomarkers of Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure","volume":"163","author":"Nigg H. N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_146_1","first-page":"654","article-title":"A Brief Review of the Anatomy, Histology, and Ultrastructure of the Full\u2010Term Placenta","volume":"115","author":"Novak R. F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1010467"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_149_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability: United States, 2004\u20132006","volume":"237","author":"Pastor P. N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vital and Health Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010069X\u20109\u201071"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_14_151_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"A Study of Neonatal Deaths in the Tea Plantations\/Gardens of Dibrugarh District of Upper Assam","volume":"96","author":"Phukan R. K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.890307"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939\u2010020\u20101147\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23112-5_13","volume-title":"Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops","author":"Ranatunga M. A. B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_156_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Globalisation, Development and Plantation Labour in India","author":"Rasaily R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12285"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006\u20100338"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203396109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4850017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2007.05.025"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_163_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide","volume":"7","author":"Reuber M. D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology: Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj299"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-260901"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10168"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00602"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015\u20101227"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807820"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_172_1","first-page":"204","article-title":"Trend Analysis and Socio\u2010Economic Differentials in Infant Mortality in the Southern Health Board, Ireland (1988\u20131997)","volume":"93","author":"Ryan C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903940116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_174_1","volume-title":"Insecticides Resistance","author":"Saha D.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758412000380","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Three Sucking Insect Pests of Tea With Reference to North\u2010East India: An Appraisal","volume":"33","author":"Saha D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_176_1","volume-title":"Human Resource Development for Industrial Workers: With Special Reference to Tea Industries","author":"Sahu B. P.","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.36931\/jma.2019.2.1.25-43","article-title":"Labour Migration in the Tea Plantations: Colonial and Neo\u2010Liberal Trajectories of Plantation Labour in the Dooars Tea Belt of West Bengal","volume":"2","author":"Sarkar S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Migration Affairs"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108472"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10599241003622699"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067318008071871"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310482"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960\u20100760(95)00193\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_185_1","unstructured":"Sengupta R. andR.Singh.2010.\u201cThe EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women.\u201d (No. id: 2444)."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_186_1","first-page":"845","article-title":"CAG Repeat Polymorphism in Androgen Receptor and Infertility: A Case\u2010Control Study","volume":"19","author":"Sharestani S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19496"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(99)00228-1","article-title":"Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Co\u2010Carcinogenic Potential of Quinalphos in Mouse Skin","volume":"148","author":"Shukla Y.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108085"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16177839"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1774"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500500272614"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_197_1","unstructured":"Sriramachari S. A. K.Jain J. K.Sindhu S. K.Das andS.Bapu Rao.1997.\u201cUse of Human Placenta for Environmental Biomonitoring.\u201d Preliminary Observations on Multi\u2010Elemental Analysis of Placental Tissue in a Delhi Hospital. Harmonization of Health Related Environmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques. Proceedings of an International Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol\u20102014\u2010051744"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005\u20100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(92)90020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102393\u201014\u2010245"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114680"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9566"},{"issue":"322","key":"e_1_2_14_205_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Origin of the Word Tea, and Its Extension to Designate Different Hot Infused Drinks","volume":"47","author":"Trepardoux F.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_206_1","unstructured":"van derWal S.2008.\u201cSustainability Issues in the Tea Sector: A Comparative Analysis of Six Leading Producing Countries.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370\u2010020\u201000284\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.04.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_209_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Acute Organophosphorous Insecticide Poisoning","volume":"36","author":"Vidyasagar J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Journal Of Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175863"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8770"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_212_1","volume-title":"From Preconception to Postpartum","author":"Watanabe H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107814"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31802d77f0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_215_1","volume-title":"The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129188"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800358b"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci119388"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y. Y.Jiang X. D.Wang et\u00a0al.2018.\u201cExposure to Beta\u2010Cypermethrin Impairs the Reproductive Function of Female Mice.\u201d","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070598"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.2460","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T09:58:44Z","timestamp":1745488724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.2460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":221,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.2460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.2460","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2460"}}