{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:42:35Z","timestamp":1772829755276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (PFFD) is the most proximal manifestation of a syndrome involving Congenitally Shortened lower Limbs (CSL), which also affects the fibula and midline metatarsals. This pattern of congenital human long bone deficiencies corresponds, in a time dependent manner, to the failed ingrowth pathways of new blood vessels of the growing embryonic limb. The distal femoral condyles are, in contrast, served by an alternative vascular supply from around the knee joint, and so remain resistant to the CSL deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that embryonic vascular dysgenesis causes PFFD, as well as the cardinal features of the Femoral, Fibular and midline Metatarsal deficiencies (FFM) syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Arteriography of CSL with PFFD reveals diminution or failed formation of the Femoral Artery (FA), which corresponds to downstream skeletal reductions. It may also reveal preservation of the primitive Axial Artery (AA) of the embryonic limb. The combination of missing and retained primitive vessels inform the time, place, and nature of the etiologic vascular events. This suggests that PFFD is the visible expression of a normally prefigured cartilaginous scaffold of the femur, which develops in conformity with the available pattern of blood vessels present. The teratogen thalidomide, known to affect the forming embryonic vasculature, also produces PFFD indistinguishable from the naturally occurring entity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The entire spectrum of PFFD, including phocomelia, fibular, and metatarsal dystrophisms, should thus be regarded as downstream skeletal results of embryonic arterial dysgeneses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T10:21:58Z","timestamp":1744021318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Embryonic Vascular Dysgenesis: The Origin of Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3540-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Hootnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Vargesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Cell &amp; Developmental Biology SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8095-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Chomiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Teaching Hospital Na Bulovce  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010195941070\u20100000"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","volume-title":"Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency\u2010a Congenital Anomaly: A Symposium","author":"Aitken G. T.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","first-page":"1306","article-title":"Congenital Short Femur With Fibular Hemimelia","volume":"56","author":"Aitken G. T.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0267"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010196244010\u201000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Congenital Absence of the Fibula","volume":"14","author":"Arnold W. D.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140196"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30320"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247\u2010011\u20102203\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398\u2010199111000\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010198971080\u201000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380308"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000686"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398\u2010198202010\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045\u20106039(85)90602\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20258"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398\u2010200007000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00902"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010197658070\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010197805000\u201000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"The Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Bones in Man (Descriptive and Applied)","author":"Crock H. V.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108488"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Un cas d'absence partielle congenitale due perone avec dissection","volume":"6","author":"Dieulafe R.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Bordeaux Chirurgical"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"The Measurement of Diaphysial Growth in Proximal and Distal Directions","volume":"50","author":"Digby K. H.","year":"1916","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21047"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00009957\u2010200403000\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010198365060\u201000027"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456\u2010017\u20109541\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1936.01190030002001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08117"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000870202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620x.82b5.10426"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.65B5.6643558"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33999"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Proximal focal femoral deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Goldman A. B.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Congenital Anomalies of the Iliofemoral Artery","volume":"18","author":"Greebe J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (Torino)"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0030\u20105898(20)30351\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301620X.90B10.20983"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620x.62b3.7410462"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Influence of the Femoral Head on Pelvic Growth and Acetabular Form in the Rat","volume":"95","author":"Harrison T. J.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","volume-title":"Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus: cui accedunt Exercitationes duae anatomicae de circulatione sanguinis ad Joannem Riolanum filium (Editio novissima, indice ornata. ed.)","author":"Harvey W.","year":"1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1160"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23253"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.59B3.893503"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24348"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/18\u2010031"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.63160"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24628"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010198007000\u201000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010198062070\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Anatomy of a Human Foot With Missing Toes and Reduplication of the Hallux","volume":"174","author":"Hootnick D. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420290202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1349"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000490"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24580"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55275\/JPOSNA\u20102022\u20100083"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Vascularization of the Hip Joint in the Human Fetuses","volume":"55","author":"Jedral T.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Folia Morphologica (Warsz)"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010199173030\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01477"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency\u2010a Congenital Anomaly: A Symposium","author":"King R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010198201000\u201000023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01657"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010196143050\u201000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010196446020\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","unstructured":"van derLem D. andH.Wetz.1995.Classification of the so called proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) as a spectrum of a longitudinal deficiency. European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society 14th Annual Meeting Brussels."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424\u2010199104000\u201000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-00132-9.50006-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223\u2010012\u20109689\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.177956"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Considerations on the Problem of Critical Period During the Development of Limb Skeleton","volume":"13","author":"Merker H. J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Birth Defects Original Article Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.42B2.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","volume-title":"A History of Embryology","author":"Needham J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420320118"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS\u2010D\u201021\u201001186"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000890202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173852"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Teratological Implications of Soft Tissue Abnormalities Found in Human Lower Limbs With Bony Defects","volume":"14","author":"Packard D. S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Issues in Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Most Human Lower Limb Malformations Appear to Result From Postspecification Insults","volume":"383","author":"Packard D. S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Progress in Clinical and Biological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398\u2010198302000\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","volume-title":"Human Embryology","author":"Patten B. M.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","volume-title":"Basic Concepts in Teratology","author":"Persaud T. V. N.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000700206"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030\u20104220(73)90070\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Hemorrhage in Development of the Face","volume":"11","author":"Poswillo D.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Birth Defects Original Article Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","first-page":"544","article-title":"Ueber den kongenitalen Femurdefekt","volume":"9","author":"Reiner M.","year":"1901","journal-title":"Zeit. F. Orthop. Chir"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000646"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.41B1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.36.188.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386671a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096\u20109926(199911)60:5<272::AID\u2010TERA8>3.0.CO;2\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e32832d5d7d"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_95_1","volume-title":"Langman's Medical Embryology","author":"Sadler T. W.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398\u2010199401000\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090602"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_98_1","first-page":"685","article-title":"Ueber die coxa vara congenita","volume":"87","author":"Schwarz E.","year":"1913","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Klinischen Chirurgie"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS\u2010D\u201015\u201000237"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000250105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_101_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"An Interpretation of the Recorded Arterial Anomalies of the Human Leg and Foot","volume":"53","author":"Senior H. D.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000360102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000440105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_104_1","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy","author":"Senior H. D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.29.10.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/18632521241227830"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000280202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010197101000\u201000029"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_110_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"The Embryology of the Human Hip Joint","volume":"16","author":"Strayer L. M.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007\u20101226(87)90185\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901505106"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12361"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.45B2.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_115_1","volume-title":"Studies of the Development and Decay of the Human Frame","author":"Trueta J.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.42B1.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_117_1","volume-title":"Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects","author":"UK Government Report","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21096"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418805249"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231177425"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1991307"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010195941020\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_124_1","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency\u2010a Congenital Anomaly: A Symposium","author":"Westin G. W.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623\u2010197658040\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090460307"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125757"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.59"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.2465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:05:00Z","timestamp":1745489100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.2465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.2465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.2465","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2465"}}