{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:19:34Z","timestamp":1793146774730,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The growing prevalence of methamphetamine abuse has been regarded as a matter of great concern due to its damaging impact on public health worldwide. Our study aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature with meta\u2010analysis to evaluate the association between prenatal methamphetamine exposure, Preterm Birth (PTB) Low Birth Weight (LBW), and being Small for Gestational Age (SGA). Later on, we investigated the association between prenatal methamphetamine use and the aforementioned birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a systematic search of English\u2010language articles in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed from inception to December 24, 2021, identifying 1223 observational studies. After removing duplicates, 911 articles remained for title and abstract screening, of which 868 were excluded. Following a full\u2010text review of 43 studies, 35 were excluded due to insufficient data, leaving eight studies for meta\u2010analysis. Data were analyzed using Stata 15.0, with Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Intervals (CI)) as effect sizes. Subgroup analysis was performed by sample type (urine, meconium, and \u2026), and heterogeneity was assessed using the Chi\u2010square test (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> more than 50% was considered heterogenic), applying fixed\u2010 or random\u2010effects models accordingly. Publication bias was evaluated via Egger's test and funnel plots, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess result robustness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine was found to be associated with PTB (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.89\u20133.70), LBW (OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.09\u20137.38), and SGA (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.04\u20131.99).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our meta\u2010analysis shows a substantial association between prenatal exposure to methamphetamine and PTB, LBW, and being SGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T08:59:33Z","timestamp":1751965173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal Exposure to Methamphetamine and Its Association With Birth Outcomes: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1266-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Rastegar\u2010Pouyani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fakhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armineh Rezagholi","family":"Lalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Jafarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Zafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Habibian Sezavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Nasser","family":"Ostad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990601175029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348109158127"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"5893","article-title":"Neuraminidase Inhibitors During Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Forghanifar M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Research in Applied 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