{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:58:16Z","timestamp":1757620696078,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant and lactating individuals frequently rely on online sources for vaccine information. However, the readability, credibility, and accuracy of such content vary widely, potentially influencing vaccine hesitancy. This study evaluates the accessibility and reliability of online vaccine information across different digital platforms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional content analysis was conducted on vaccine\u2010related content published between 2018 and 2022. Data were collected from official health websites (e.g., WHO, CDC), social media (Twitter, Facebook), blogs, and parenting forums. Readability was assessed using the Flesch\u2013Kincaid (FK) and SMOG indices, while credibility was evaluated using the DISCERN tool and HONcode certification. Accuracy was determined by comparing claims against scientific evidence from authoritative health organizations. Statistical analyses, including one\u2010way ANOVA and chi\u2010square tests, were performed to examine readability differences and misinformation prevalence across platforms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Official health websites had the highest readability complexity (average FK grade level: 11.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2), while social media content was the most accessible (average FK grade level: 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0). However, social media also exhibited the highest misinformation prevalence (38%), whereas official sources maintained near\u2010perfect accuracy (98% compliance with scientific evidence). Blogs and forums demonstrated moderate readability (FK grade level: 9.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4 and 8.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1, respectively) but varied in credibility (DISCERN scores: 40\u201350\/80). Thematic analysis revealed dominant misinformation trends, including fear\u2010based narratives (52% of misinformation cases) and scientific distortions (29%). Accessibility barriers were also identified, with only 10% of sources providing multilingual content, and disparities in digital health resources were observed between high\u2010 and low\u2010income regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the trade\u2010off between readability and credibility in online vaccine information. While official sources provide reliable content, their complexity may hinder comprehension. Addressing accessibility gaps through plain\u2010language communication and misinformation mitigation strategies is crucial for improving digital health literacy and supporting informed maternal vaccine decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:35:25Z","timestamp":1751002525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Readability, Credibility, and Accuracy of Online Vaccine Information for Pregnant and Lactating Individuals: A Cross\u2010Platform Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayhan","family":"Ceri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. A. Kemal Belviranli Maternity and Children's Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Selcuklu  Konya Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900\u2010022\u201001081\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2021.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Ball P. andA.Maxmen.2020.\u201cThe Epic Battle Against Coronavirus Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories [News Feature]. Nature\u201d.https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586\u2010020\u201001452\u2010z."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207620948996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010155\u20102\u2010201107190\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18564-9.00018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102022\u2010066367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10588\u2010019\u201009297\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211008817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860617751639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46282\/blr.2022.6.1.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009\u20101162B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121\u2010019\u201000265\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30130-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2020.1806967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibab128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247\u2010023\u201000032\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198117739673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1912551"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010024\u201003417\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1950504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17430-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-05-2021-0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000538346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.06.022"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","article-title":"Vaccine Hesitancy in Online Spaces: A Scoping Review of the Research Literature, 2000\u20102020","volume":"2","author":"Neff T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010022\u201001728\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.604391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2022.100062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37300"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.2500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1757325383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.2500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.2500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.2500","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2472-1727"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2472-1727"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2500"}}