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Traffic\u2010related air pollution (TRAP) has many of the same toxic combustion byproducts as burning tobacco, such as benzene and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, and may therefore act through similar pathways to cause harm to developing fetuses. Since concentrations of TRAP are highest close to the roadway, they can be assessed using distance\u2010weighted traffic density (DWTD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study of birthing parent\u2013newborn pairs was conducted among children born between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019, to people residing in New York State (NYS), excluding New York City. Cases of cleft lip alone, cleft palate alone, and cleft lip with cleft palate were identified from the NYS Birth Defects Registry. Orofacial clefts were also analyzed as an aggregated group. Controls without diagnosed major birth defects were randomly selected from hospital discharge records. DWTD measured in vehicles per day (VPD) was calculated from NYS Department of Transportation traffic data. A multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted for the birthing parent's age, race, ethnicity, and census tract\u2010level disadvantage, was constructed to evaluate the association between orofacial clefts and DWTD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a statistically significant adjusted odds ratio (aOR) comparing the DWTD \u2265\u2009500 VPD group to the DWTD reference group (&lt;\u2009500 VPD) found only among orofacial clefts as an aggregate group (aOR\u2009=\u20091.13 [1.04\u20131.22]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study, covering 20\u2009years of case collection, generally supports the DWTD's potential risk for orofacial clefts. Larger observational studies are warranted to further investigate associations between DWTD and individual categories of orofacial clefts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T02:10:28Z","timestamp":1752718228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Traffic\u2010Related Air Pollution and Orofacial Clefts Among Newborns in New York State, Excluding New York City (2000\u20132019)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6751-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Done","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany  New York United States"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health  New York United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Herdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany  New York United States"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health  New York United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabassum Z.","family":"Insaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany  New York United States"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health  New York United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Feingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany  New York United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Hosler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Albany  New York United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103885"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020263"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"510","article-title":"Varied Forms of Bias due to Nondifferential Error in Measuring Exposure","volume":"5","author":"Brenner H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2005.01.001"},{"volume-title":"Data & Statistics on Birth Defects | CDC","year":"2022","author":"CDC","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1"},{"volume-title":"Orofacial Clefts","year":"2023","author":"CDC","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/04\u2010012.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807642"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545\u20101569_2002_039_0392_fcapda_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545\u20101569_2003_040_0481_ssaoci_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Clarke P. andR.Melendez.2019.\u201cNational Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Neighborhood Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts United States 2000\u20132010.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E111107V1."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096\u20108628(19980827)79:1<42::aid\u2010ajmg11>3.0.co;2\u2010m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Environmental Public Health Tracker \u2013 New York State Department of Health.2023.https:\/\/apps.health.ny.gov\/statistics\/environmental\/public_health_tracking\/tracker\/index.html#\/birthdefects."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration.2016.\u201cTraffic Monitoring Guide. 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