{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:03:46Z","timestamp":1758931426583,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K07772","25K23930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K07772","25K23930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In mouse embryos, the body axis typically follows a right\u2010handed helical pattern; however, a definitive orientation in human embryos has not been established. This study aimed to characterize the body axis orientation in human embryos (CS13\u2013CS17) from the Kyoto Collection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryos were classified as right\u2010helical (RH), left\u2010helical (LH), and middle (M) using MRI\u2010based morphological assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>RH orientation was predominant at CS13, whereas it became comparable to LH at CS14. From CS15 to CS17, LH became dominant, nearly doubling the frequency of RH by CS15. The proportion of M\u2010pattern embryos increased with advancing Carnegie Stages, reaching 70% at CS17. As vertebral column chondrification begins at CS17\u201318, these findings suggest that the helical body axis is established before chondrogenesis, particularly during CS13\u2013CS15. Internal organ laterality (stomach, heart, intestines, and liver) appeared consistent among body axis orientations in CS15\u2013CS17 embryos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate substantial variability in human embryonic body axis orientation, in contrast to the well\u2010defined pattern in mice, and provide insights into body axis formation in human embryos and their potential role in left\u2013right asymmetry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1757074533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Helical Body Axis Orientations in Human Embryonic Development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8569-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sena","family":"Fujii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehito","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Congenital Anomaly Research Center Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Takakuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Stages of Human Development Before Birth: An Introduction to Human Embryology","year":"1961","author":"Blechschmidt E.","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1016202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381155a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.092935md"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.058149"},{"volume-title":"Embryos in Wax: Models From the Ziegler Studio","year":"2002","author":"Hopwood N.","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hwj\/dbq051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818809022276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10515"},{"volume-title":"Color Atlas of Clinical Embryology","year":"1994","author":"Moore K. 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