{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:03:45Z","timestamp":1784300625583,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoride has come under recent scrutiny regarding concerns over potential neurodevelopmental and endocrine\u2010related toxicities, with recent reviews by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluding with moderate or reasonable confidence, respectively, that exposure to drinking water having greater than 1.5\u2009mg fluoride\/L is associated with lower IQ in children. A key outcome of these reviews is the uncertainty regarding the biological plausibility of these findings. However, it has been hypothesized that endocrine disruption could be a potential factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if sodium fluoride exerts direct biological activity on molecular and cellular targets related to endocrine disruption, receptor binding and activity assays of thyroid and other hormone\u2010related targets, H295R steroidogenesis, and sodium\u2010iodide symporter (NIS) assays were carried out using exposures comparable to or in excess of those that have been reported to be associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes and other effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sodium fluoride at up to 316\u2009\u03bcM NaF did not affect synthesis of estrogen or testosterone. Sodium fluoride at up to 10\u2009\u03bcM NaF did not interact with aromatase, steroid 5 alpha\u2010reductase, estrogen receptors, androgen receptors, thyroid hormone receptors, nor did it inhibit thyroid peroxidase. Furthermore, there were no changes in iodide uptake via symporter transport (up to 300\u2009\u03bcM NaF). Other endocrine targets were also evaluated at 10\u2009\u03bcM NaF, including PR, PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b3, AhR, CAR, PXR, RAR\u03b1, or GR, and no binding was observed either.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, the results from this series of experiments demonstrate an absence of effects of fluoride on endocrine disruption targets at concentrations comparable to or in excess of exposures reported in the literature to be associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes and other effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.70046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:25:27Z","timestamp":1778837127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probing the Biological Plausibility of Fluoride as an Endocrine Disruptor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Mudd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Central Product Safety  Mason Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8830-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bladimir J.","family":"Ovando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Central Product Safety  Mason Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5627-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Daston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Central Product Safety  Mason Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.3.5775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00836-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine","author":"ATSDR","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","article-title":"Ten Great Public Health Achievements\u2014United States, 1900\u20131999","author":"CDC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Adverse Outcome Pathway on Inhibition of Thyroperoxidase and Subsequent Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Mammals","author":"Crofton K. 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