{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:18:46Z","timestamp":1787545126303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal consumption of khat has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes like preterm birth and low birth weight. These effects resemble those seen in neonatal hypothyroidism, suggesting that khat disrupts thyroid function in the fetus. There is, however, limited data on the microscopic alterations in the thyroid gland of offspring following maternal consumption of khat. We examined the same in rat offspring whose mothers were exposed to khat during pregnancy as the suitable animal model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female rats were acquired and randomized into groups receiving khat extract (200 or 500\u2009mg\/kg) or distilled water. Maternal khat consumption was started 7\u2009days before mating and continued throughout pregnancy. From the offspring born, 28 thyroid glands were harvested and processed for histological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin and Ki\u201067 staining. Data on the follicle density and diameter, follicular cell epithelia, follicular cell nuclear\u2010cytoplasmic index, and expression of proliferation marker Ki\u201067 were collected. These were analyzed using SPSS and key findings presented in tables and photomicrographs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to controls, khat\u2010treated groups exhibited parenchymal disruption evidenced by a dose\u2010dependent epithelial shift of follicular cells from columnar to cuboidal, reduced follicular diameter, reduced follicular density, and increased nuclear\u2010cytoplasmic index. There was also suppressed proliferative activity evidenced by a reduction in cells expressing Ki\u201067. Infiltration of follicular cells into colloid was observed in treated groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed parenchymal insult of the fetal thyroid gland following maternal exposure to khat could partially explain the adverse birth outcomes seen in the offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:14:06Z","timestamp":1781799246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parenchymal Disruption of Thyroid Gland in Rat Offspring Following Maternal Khat Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0532-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Amuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Mandela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mavine","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Mwachaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Munguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kigera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Ogeng'o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy The University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5896041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2018.e242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jbaar.2024.392870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4327"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Understanding Khat: Its Sociocultural and Health Implications in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Al Shubbar M. D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2012.34060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05595-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/829401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basa M. andC.Comiskey.2022.\u201cPrevalence and Associated Factors of Khat Chewing Among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis.\u201dPreprint medRxiv April 22.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.04.21.22274111.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.21.22274111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9933389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","article-title":"Cytomorphological Spectrum of Thyroididtis: A Review of 110 Cases","volume":"1","author":"Chandanwale S. 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