{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:00:03Z","timestamp":1790668803923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD33222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD33222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical examinations have been essential in the delineation of the spectrum of teratogenic effects of teratogens, such as valproate, isotretinoin and thalidomide, as well as chorionic villus sampling (CVS). CVS became an alternative to amniocentesis in the 1980s, because results were provided earlier in pregnancy. In 1991, a dramatic report of 5 CVS\u2010exposed infants, out of 289 exposed, with severe limb and craniofacial defects raised the question of a significant risk, particularly when the procedure was carried out before 70\u2009days of gestation. Some epidemiologic studies using data from birth defects registries showed an increase in the number of CVS\u2010exposed infants with limb reduction defects and others did not. However, case reports of physical examination findings showed a wider range of abnormalities, including hypoplasia of two or three fingers or toes in CVS\u2010exposed children as well as terminal transverse limb defects with nubbins. In addition, hemangiomas were found to be a common non\u2010limb malformation in CVS\u2010exposed children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presented here are the findings from a case\u2010control study of 38 CVS\u2010exposed and 41 unexposed, matched children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The physical examinations identified a spectrum of abnormalities from terminal transverse limb defects with nubbins to hypoplastic, shortened or stiff fingers and toes with small or absent nails.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1790668417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Fetal Effects of Chorionic Villus Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0259-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis B.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Metabolism Unit Mass General Brigham for Children  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Metabolism Unit Mass General Brigham for Children  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan M.","family":"Stoler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Gellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Dermatology and Immunology Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamzeh","family":"Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Metabolism Unit Mass General Brigham for Children  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Therese","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunt Consulting Associates  Chapel Hill NorthCarolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Congenital Deformities of the Upper Extremities","author":"Birch\u2010Jensen A.","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960315)62:2<173::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Chorionic Villus Sampling and Transverse Digital Deficiencies: Evidence for Anatomic and Gestational\u2010Age Specificity of the Digital Deficiencies in Two Studies","volume":"62","author":"Botto L. 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