{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:32:21Z","timestamp":1786977141427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,26]],"date-time":"2003-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant deaths, accounting for almost a fifth of all infant deaths. Few studies have researched the survival experience of infants born with congenital anomalies past the infant stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using birth and death files routinely linked to the Michigan Birth Defects Registry, we identified all singleton infants during calendar years 1992 through 1998 with reportable congenital anomalies for our study. A comparative file of children born without congenital anomalies during the same time period was developed using linked birth and death files. The mortality data were assessed by age at death (through age six) and race to determine mortality rates, relative risks, hazard ratios, and survival trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Throughout early childhood, children born with congenital anomalies had a high risk of mortality compared with all other children. The overall 7\u2010year hazard ratio comparing children with congenital anomalies with all other children was 7.2. Overall mortality rates for black children were significantly higher than white children through the age of seven, irrespective of whether they had congenital anomalies. Among children with congenital anomalies, this disparity disappeared after adjusting for birth weight, sex, mother's age, mother's education, and number of organ systems affected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with children without congenital anomalies, children born with congenital anomalies had a higher risk of mortality well beyond the infant period. Racial disparities in mortality rates among children with congenital anomalies were due to confounding factors. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67656\u2013661, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,29]],"date-time":"2003-09-29T03:41:01Z","timestamp":1064806861000},"page":"656-661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mortality throughout early childhood for Michigan children born with congenital anomalies, 1992\u20101998"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Katherine H.","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao\u2010Ping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Deaths: leading causes for 1999","author":"Anderson RN","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.36.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1988.02150040088026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.19.2376","volume-title":"Mortality associated with congenital heart defects in the United States: Trends and racial disparities","author":"Boneva RS","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022916121368"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"589","article-title":"Infant mortality and low birth weight among black and white infants\u2014United States, 1980\u20102000","volume":"51","author":"CDC","year":"2002","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Mortality among infants with congenital malformations, New York State, 1983 to 1988","volume":"111","author":"Druschel CM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1996)033<0400:FYOLMA>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.4.822"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Deaths: final data for 1999","author":"Hoyert DL","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Survival Analysis, A Self\u2010Learning Text","author":"Kleinbaum DG","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Mortality among infants with birth defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1983\u20101989","volume":"43","author":"Lynberg MC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90350-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320420214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Infant mortality statistics from the 2000 period linked birth\/infant death data set","author":"Mathews TJ","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.1991.Vital Statistics of the United States DHHS Publication No. PHS 95\u20101100. 1(4): 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2002.00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199707\/08)56:1\/2<8::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)31271-6","article-title":"Congenital malformations as a cause of neonatal and postneonatal death in Massachusetts (1970\u20101980)","volume":"3","author":"Stachenko SJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00142-E"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.10118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.10118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T07:21:55Z","timestamp":1694589715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.10118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.10118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.10118","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}}}