{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:47:53Z","timestamp":1773161273660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,26]],"date-time":"2003-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United States and other developed nations, birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality. Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most prevalent and fatal of all birth defects. Here we report the survival probability of infants born with CHDs in Arkansas and examine the impact of multiple malformations on survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth and death certificate records were linked to birth defects registry data for infants born with CHDs from January 1993 through December 1998 in Arkansas. Both neonatal and first\u2010year survival probabilities were estimated. These were computed non\u2010parametrically using Kaplan\u2010Meier's product limit method. A Cox proportional\u2010hazards model was used to evaluate the relative importance of additional malformations on survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,983 infants with CHDs were included in this study. The neonatal survival probability for this cohort was 94.0% (95% CI: 93.0%, 95.1%), and the first\u2010year survival probability was 88.2% (95% CI: 86.8%, 89.6%). The presence of hypoplastic left heart syndrome conferred the greatest reduction in survival, whereas infants with pulmonic valve stenosis and infants with ventricular septal defects had the highest first\u2010year survival. Infants with multiple CHDs had decreased survival compared to those with isolated heart defects. Survival was also adversely affected by the presence of congenital abnormalities in other body systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neonatal and first\u2010year survival of infants with CHDs varies by both the type of cardiac malformation and the presence of additional cardiac and non\u2010cardiac malformations. Further work will focus on the effects of maternal and infant characteristics on survival. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:662\u2013668, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,29]],"date-time":"2003-09-29T07:41:01Z","timestamp":1064821261000},"page":"662-668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["First\u2010year survival of infants born with congenital heart defects in Arkansas (1993\u20101998): A survival analysis using registry data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Cleves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget S.","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"773","article-title":"Trends in Infant Mortality Attributable to Birth Defects \u2013United States, 1989\u20101995","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(96)80062-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"290","volume-title":"An introduction to survival analysis using STATA","author":"Cleves MA","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Mortality among infants with congenital malformations, New York State, 1983 to 1988","volume":"111","author":"Druschel C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Genetic & Environmental Risk Factors of Major Cardiovascular Malformations: The Baltimore\u2010Washington Study 1981\u20101989","author":"Ferencz C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Applied Survival Analysis; Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data","author":"Hosmer JR","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 1999","volume":"49","author":"Hoyert DL","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.122311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.1.F31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00313-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471458546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.6.1325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20011115)104:1<7::AID-AJMG10023>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Mortality among infants with birth defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1983\u20101989","volume":"43","author":"Lynberg MC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.suppl_3.III-136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(05)70077-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 2000","volume":"50","author":"Minino AM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Surveillance Procedure Manual and Guide to Computerized Anomaly Record. 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