{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1758476473378},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,7]],"date-time":"2004-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about risks of most specific birth defects among infants born to U.S.\u2010born and foreign\u2010born Hispanic or African\u2010American women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from a large population\u2010based registry, we explored risks of selected congenital malformation phenotypes in offspring of U.S.\u2010born and foreign\u2010born Hispanic and African\u2010American women, relative to non\u2010Hispanic white women, in California. Approximately 2.2 million live births and stillbirths occurred during the ascertainment period, 1989\u20131997. Information on maternal racial\u2010ethnic background and other covariates was obtained from birth certificate and fetal death files.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adjusted relative risks (ARRs) for the 20 groupings of malformations designated by three\u2010digit British Pediatric Association (BPA) codes ranged from 0.6 (genital organ malformations, among infants born to foreign\u2010born Hispanics) to 1.7 (anencephaly, also among infants born to foreign\u2010born Hispanics). Grouping by four\u2010digit BPA codes revealed that among infants born to U.S.\u2010born Hispanics, 46 of the ARRs were \u22640.8 and 12 were \u22651.3; among infants born to foreign\u2010born Hispanics, 75 of the ARRs were \u22640.8 and 15 were \u22651.3; and among infants born to African\u2010American women, 45 ARRs were \u22640.8 and 25 were \u22651.3. For each racial\u2010ethnic group of women, the observed variability in risks covered most organ systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the results suggested that (in comparison with non\u2010Hispanic whites) each racial\u2010ethnic group was more likely to have reduced risk for specific defects (rather than elevated risk), in general, the range of the relative risks was comparatively narrow. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,7]],"date-time":"2004-06-07T15:21:45Z","timestamp":1086621705000},"page":"382-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Congenital malformations in offspring of Hispanic and African\u2010American women in California, 1989\u20131997"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Kaidarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"606","article-title":"Differing postneonatal mortality rates of Mexican\u2010American infants with United\u2010States\u2010born and Mexico\u2010born mothers in Chicago","volume":"11","author":"Collins JW","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/13557859998164","article-title":"Adverse birth outcomes among Mexican\u2010Americans: are US\u2010born women at greater risk than Mexico\u2010born women?","volume":"4","author":"Crump C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Urban and rural health chartbook. 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