{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:17:03Z","timestamp":1784567823797,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]],"date-time":"2004-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The classic clinical criteria for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include a \u201ccharacteristic\u201d facial appearance, pre\u2010 and postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, mental retardation, and occasional major malformations. However, diagnostic constraints, especially in the newborn period, lead to an underestimate of their prevalence. We report an epidemiological study of the potential risk of congenital defects in the offspring of mothers who ingested different sporadic and daily amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was based on the data from the ECEMC hospital\u2010based case\u2013control study and surveillance system, with a methodology aimed not only at the surveillance of congenital anomalies, but also at investigating their characteristics, clustering, and causes. For the purposes of this study, we considered as exposed those infants whose mothers reported the ingestion of any amount of alcohol during gestation (4705 mothers of cases and 4329 mothers of controls), and classified them into five groups according to their levels of alcohol consumption. Two groups consisted of mothers who consumed increasing sporadic levels and the other three consisted of mothers who consumed increasing daily levels of alcohol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed that even low sporadic doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring and that this risk increases with increasing levels of alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of our study suggest that it is necessary to generalize the preventive norm and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol during gestation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]],"date-time":"2004-04-02T18:02:00Z","timestamp":1080928920000},"page":"194-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Risk for congenital anomalies associated with different sporadic and daily doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Fr\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime Luis","family":"Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199901)59:1<4::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<250::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.3.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805112981906"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.4.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"28A","article-title":"Protective effects of ADH2*3 in African American infants exposed prenatally to alcohol","volume":"24","author":"Jacobson SW","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<249::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320400129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420470604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320490109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320560406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199801)57:1<8::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Defecto de zona de desarrollo (DZD) primario del esqueleto axial (s\u00edndrome de Jarcho\u2010Levin, \u201cfenotipo de Jarcho\u2010Levin\u201d Bol ECEMC","volume":"1","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Fr\u00edas ML","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Dismorf Epidemiol V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(03)73766-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. 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