{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:07:59Z","timestamp":1792163279763,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,25]],"date-time":"2004-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a paucity of epidemiologic information about the external ear malformations anotia and microtia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from a large population\u2010based registry, we explored prevalences and maternal\/infant characteristics associated with anotia and microtia. Data were derived from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, a population\u2010based active surveillance system for collecting information on infants and fetuses with congenital malformations using multiple source ascertainment. Approximately 2.5 million births (live\u2010born and stillborn) occurred during the ascertainment period, 1989\u20131997. Information on maternal and infant\/fetal characteristics was obtained from California birth certificate and fetal death files.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of anotia\/microtia was 2.50 per 10,000 live births and stillbirths. Isolated cases, i.e., those live births and stillbirths with no other accompanying anomaly diagnoses, revealed a prevalence of 0.63 per 10,000, whereas among nonisolated cases, the prevalence was 1.53 per 10,000 live births and stillbirths. Prevalences of isolated anotia\/microtia were substantially higher among U.S.\u2010born Hispanics, foreign\u2010born Hispanics, and Asians compared to non\u2010Hispanic whites, with relative risks ranging from three\u2010 to seven\u2010fold. Similar prevalences for maternal race\/ethnicity (except for Asians) were observed for live births and stillbirths with nonisolated cases of anotia\/microtia, but the magnitude of risks were lower than those observed for isolated cases. Prevalence of nonisolated anotia\/microtia was substantially lower among women whose education was 12 years or more.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data reveal descriptive epidemiologic features of anotia\/microtia most notably substantial risks associated with race\/ethnic groups and lower maternal education. Additional study for factors associated with these characteristics could reveal clues for the etiology of these ear anomalies. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,25]],"date-time":"2004-06-25T16:02:08Z","timestamp":1088179328000},"page":"472-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Epidemiologic characteristics of anotia and microtia in California, 1989\u20131997"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Kaidarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.3.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990903)86:1<9::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.10.809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198510033131401"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.6.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"i","article-title":"External ear malformations: epidemiology, genetics, and natural history","volume":"15","author":"Melnick M","year":"1979","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<265::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Quality control of birth defect registry data: a case study","volume":"108","author":"Schulman J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pub Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1467"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.11.1674"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199908)60:2<83::AID-TERA12>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.2.273"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.20042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.20042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T01:37:06Z","timestamp":1696642626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.20042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.20042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20042","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,25]]}}}