{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1761717930914},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe anomalies of the forebrain together with radial limb anomalies have been reported in Steinfeld syndrome, XK aprosencephaly, and partial monosomy 13q. Steinfeld syndrome is an extremely variable autosomal dominant condition that, in severe cases, is characterized by holoprosencephaly, radial limb defects, and renal and\/or cardiac defects. In mild cases there may be only thumb hypoplasia, ocular coloboma, or oral clefts. XK aprosencephaly, also called Garcia\u2010Lurie syndrome (GLS), is a usually sporadic disorder with radial limb defects and aprosencephaly\/atelencephaly. Based on two atypical sibships, autosomal recessive inheritance has been suggested. Two patients with variations of monosomy 13q have been described with atelencephaly but, generally, Steinfeld and XK aprosencephaly patients are chromosomally normal. Holoprosencephaly in 13q deletion patients appears to be due to <jats:italic>ZIC2<\/jats:italic> mutations, but <jats:italic>ZIC2<\/jats:italic> has not been previously tested in Steinfeld syndrome or GLS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CASES<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report three sporadic cases with clinical features intermediate between Steinfeld and GLS, including severe forebrain malformations and radial limb defects. All had normal karyotypes, and mutations in <jats:italic>ZIC2<\/jats:italic> were absent in the two cases tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our cases and in the literature there is significant clinical overlap between Steinfeld syndrome and GLS. We propose these conditions may not be nosologically or etiologically distinct. The spectrum of severe forebrain anomalies in these conditions is broader than previously thought and may include some neural tube defects. Mild cases are difficult to identify and the full range of expression remains unknown. Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and frequent new mutations is postulated. Thorough clinical evaluation is recommended for children with severe forebrain and radial limb defects. 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