{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:00:33Z","timestamp":1791270033160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,20]],"date-time":"2004-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1092960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the occurrence of specific congenital malformations among offspring of mixed race\u2010ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from a population\u2010based registry, we explored the occurrence of selected malformation phenotypes in offspring to parents who were of different race\u2010ethnicity. Data were derived from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, a population\u2010based active surveillance system for collecting information on infants and fetuses with congenital malformations using multiple source ascertainment. Approximately 2.6 million live births and stillbirths occurred during 1989\u20132000. Information on parental race\u2010ethnicity (non\u2010Hispanic white, Hispanic, black, and Asian) was obtained from birth certificates and fetal death files. Malformation phenotypes studied were spina bifida, anencephaly, cleft lip, cleft palate, tetralogy of Fallot, d\u2010transposition of great arteries, hypospadias, small intestinal atresia, preaxial polydactyly, microtia, and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 11.2% of births were to parents of mixed race\u2010ethnicity. Compared to births of parents who were both white, moderately increased risks (risk ratio \u2265 1.7) of anencephaly, polydactyly, and microtia, and decreased risks (risk ratio \u2264 0.6) of hypospadias and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were observed among births of several mixed race\u2010ethnicity groups. For anencephaly, polydactyly, and microtia, but not other phenotypes, the risks were different depending on whether maternal versus paternal race\u2010ethnicity was considered. Risks observed between births of a nonwhite parent and a white parent and births of parents who were both nonwhite were similar for most malformation phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some malformation phenotypes appear to vary in their risk based on mixed racial\u2010ethnic groupings. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,20]],"date-time":"2004-08-20T20:09:45Z","timestamp":1093032585000},"page":"820-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Risks of selected congenital malformations among offspring of mixed race\u2010ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Kaidarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"497","article-title":"Spina bifida incidence at birth\u2014United States, 1983\u20101990","volume":"41","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"617","article-title":"Down syndrome prevalence at birth\u2014United States, 1983\u20101990","volume":"43","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e32"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-9813(03)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Leading major congenital malformations among minority groups in the United States, 1981\u20101986","volume":"37","author":"Chavez GF","year":"1988","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040603"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.8.1125"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980827)79:1<42::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420520104"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.10.809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420270309"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(200001\/02)61:1\/2<21::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.2.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget.1997.Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. 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