{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:59:25Z","timestamp":1791269965680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]],"date-time":"2004-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1094515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>This investigation explored the association between maternal age and non\u2010chromosomal birth defects to assess any increased risk associated with maternal age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth defect cases were ascertained by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP), denominator information was obtained using birth certificate data. Infants with any chromosomal diagnosis were excluded. Effect estimates were calculated using 5\u2010year maternal age categories with 25\u201329 years as the referent. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for maternal race, parity, infant sex, and birth year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,050,616 singleton infants, born after \u226520 weeks gestation in the five counties of metropolitan Atlanta from 1968 through 2000 who did not have a chromosomal abnormality and whose mother was 14 to 40 years old, were included in the analyses, 32,816 of them were identified with birth defects by the MACDP. Young maternal age (14\u201319 years) was associated with anencephaly (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.30\u20132.52), hydrocephaly without neural tube defect (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.23\u20131.96), all ear defects (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.10\u20131.49), cleft lip (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.30\u20132.73), female genital defects (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.12\u20132.19), hydronephrosis (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11\u20131.82), polydactyly (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.09\u20131.52), omphalocele (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.39\u20133.12), and gastroschisis (OR = 7.18, 95% CI = 4.39\u201311.75). Advanced maternal age (35\u201340 years) was associated with all heart defects (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03\u20131.22), tricuspid atresia (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02\u20131.50), right outflow tract defects (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.10\u20131.49), hypospadias 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup> degree or higher (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.33\u20132.58), male genital defects excluding hypospadias (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.08\u20131.45) and craniosynostosis (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.18\u20132.30).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young and advanced maternal ages are associated with different types of birth defects. Underlying causes for these associations are not clear. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:572\u2013579, 2004. 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