{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:46:44Z","timestamp":1773056804786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]],"date-time":"2006-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1140652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population\u2010based epidemiologic data on anophthalmia and microphthalmia in the United States are limited and have come mainly from only a few states. The intent of this study was to report on the epidemiology of these eye defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were derived from a population\u2010based birth defects registry in Hawaii and comprised all infants and fetuses with anophthalmia and microphthalmia who were delivered during 1986\u22122001. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia rates per 10,000 births were determined for selected factors, and comparisons were made by calculating the rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010six cases of anophthalmia and microphthalmia were identified, with a rate of 3.21 per 10,000 live births. The eye defects were isolated in 5 cases (5.2%), and 24 cases (25.0%) had confirmed chromosomal abnormalities. The risk of anophthalmia and microphthalmia varied over time and was significantly higher for live\u2010born infants with low birth weights and gestational ages. The anophthalmia and microphthalmia rates also varied by maternal race\/ethnicity, sex, and plurality, although these differences were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anophthalmia and microphthalmia frequently occurred with other birth defects, and the rate was consistent with that found in the literature. The risk of defects differed significantly with time period, birth weight, and gestational age. The impact of many factors on anophthalmia and microphthalmia in Hawaii was frequently consistent with that reported elsewhere. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]],"date-time":"2006-02-23T23:47:07Z","timestamp":1140738427000},"page":"187-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Descriptive epidemiology of anophthalmia and microphthalmia, Hawaii, 1986\u20132001"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Mathias B.","family":"Forrester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth D.","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980217)75:5<497::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.79.3.F168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-75599-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Congenital eye malformations: a descriptive epidemiologic study in about 1 million newborns in Italy","volume":"30","author":"Clementi M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7163.905"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.45.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.90008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Report 8: surveillance of congenital anomalies in Europe 1980\u20131999","author":"EUROCAT Working Group","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors of major cardiovascular malformations: The Baltimore\u2010Washington Infant Study: 1981\u20131989","author":"Ferencz C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Coding of multiple birth defects by a birth defects registry","volume":"30","author":"Forrester MB","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Registry Manage"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.5.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990312)83:2<117::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420480610"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160110105032","article-title":"Prevalence of birth defects among low\u2010birth\u2010weight infants. a population study","volume":"145","author":"Mili F","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50051-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819209046487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Distribution of single organ malformations in European populations","volume":"38","author":"Stoll C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Genet"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.20237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.20237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:14:30Z","timestamp":1700025270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.20237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.20237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20237","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]]}}}