{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:38:04Z","timestamp":1760204284669},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]],"date-time":"2008-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), a severe consequence of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, is associated with craniofacial defects, mental retardation, and stunted growth. Previous studies in C57BL\/6J and C57BL\/6N mice provide evidence that alcohol\u2010induced pathogenesis follows early changes in gene expression within specific molecular pathways in the embryonic headfold. Whereas the former (B6J) pregnancies carry a high\u2010risk for dysmorphogenesis following maternal exposure to 2.9 g\/kg alcohol (two injections spaced 4.0 h apart on gestation day 8), the latter (B6N) pregnancies carry a low\u2010risk for malformations. The present study used this murine model to screen amniotic fluid for biomarkers that could potentially discriminate between FAS\u2010positive and FAS\u2010negative pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>B6J and B6N litters were treated with alcohol (exposed) or saline (control) on day 8 of gestation. Amniotic fluid aspirated on day 17 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6 replicate litters per group) was subjected to trypsin digestion for analysis by matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry with the aid of denoising algorithms, statistical testing, and classification methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified several peaks in the proteomics screen that were reduced consistently and specifically in exposed B6J litters. Preliminary characterization by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and multidimensional protein identification mapped the reduced peaks to alpha fetoprotein (AFP). The predictive strength of AFP deficiency as a biomarker for FAS\u2010positive litters was confirmed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings in genetically susceptible mice support clinical observations in maternal serum that implicate a decrease in AFP levels following prenatal alcohol damage. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]],"date-time":"2008-01-31T18:46:38Z","timestamp":1201805198000},"page":"177-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in C57BL\/6 mice detected through proteomics screening of the amniotic fluid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Susmita","family":"Datta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delano","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reetu","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. Bruno","family":"Ruest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"William M.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/263685a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Biomarkers of Alcohol Use in Pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Bearer CF","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health, NIAAA publications"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"National Task Force on FAS\/FAE. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis","author":"Bertrand J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91634-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Tri\u2010test: clinical considerations on 1784 cases","volume":"50","author":"Caserta D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084528"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stamet.2005.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90469-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202215399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105486"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Prediction of fetal alcohol syndrome by maternal alpha fetoprotein, human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta 1\u2010glycoprotein","volume":"1","author":"Halmesmaki E","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alcohol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.6069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Differences between human and mouse alpha\u2010fetoprotein expression during early development","volume":"198","author":"Jones EA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91291-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320440210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/0612-MR-291"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth372"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-4-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199701)17:1<31::AID-PD32>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Final Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","author":"Streissguth AP","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001660303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320250614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200406183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"TuloupM HooglandC BinzPA et al.2002.A new Peptide Mass Fingerprinting tool on ExPASy: ALDentE.Swiss Proteomics Society 2002 congress. Applied Proteomics. Lausanne (CH) Dec:3\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The physiological role of alpha\u2010fetoprotein in cell growth and differentiation","volume":"33","author":"Uriel J","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Allied Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85686"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Teratogenesis after acute alcohol exposure in inbred and outred mice","volume":"2","author":"Webster WS","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurobehav Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045131","article-title":"Evidence that gonadal hormone levels in amniotic fluid are decreased in males born to alcohol users in humans","volume":"26","author":"Westney L","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcoholism"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010617e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(00)00381-8"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.20440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.20440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T20:32:40Z","timestamp":1697488360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.20440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.20440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20440","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,31]]}}}