{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:05:54Z","timestamp":1792551954603,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,4]],"date-time":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Esophageal atresia (EA) is a moderately frequent birth defect that often occurs with tracheo\u2010esophageal fistula (TEF). Etiologic studies for EA\u00b1TEF have produced inconsistent results. <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> This study used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) to examine the association between maternal periconceptional exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol and EA\u00b1TEF. Cases of EA\u00b1TEF and unaffected controls with an estimated date of delivery from October 1997 through December 2003 were identified, and telephone interview reports for smoking and alcohol exposure were obtained from birth mothers of 334 cases and 4,967 controls. Odds ratios (OR)s and 95% confidence intervals (CI)s, adjusted for several covariates, were calculated to assess associations. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> ORs were near unity for all EA\u00b1TEF cases combined and any periconceptional exposure to cigarette smoking (OR = 1.1; CI = 0.8,1.6) or alcohol (OR = 1.2; CI = 0.8,1.8). For cigarette smoking, some elevated ORs were found but varied by type of smoking exposure. No consistent patterns were identified for number of cigarettes smoked per day. For alcohol, ORs were weak to moderately elevated with increasing number of drinks consumed and for binge drinkers compared to non\u2010binge drinkers. ORs were further elevated among mothers who reported active+passive exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol (OR = 2.5; CI = 1.1,5.6). For both exposures, ORs were higher for cases with additional major defects compared to isolated cases. <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> These results, based on one of the largest published samples of EA\u00b1TEF cases, suggest a role for these exposures in the etiology of EA\u00b1TEF, although further study is needed to replicate the observed associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,4]],"date-time":"2008-11-04T14:15:27Z","timestamp":1225808127000},"page":"776-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Maternal periconceptional exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol and esophageal atresia \u00b1 tracheo\u2010esophageal fistula"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Donna L.","family":"Wong\u2010Gibbons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Catamnestic investigations in children with malformations of the gastrointestinal tract and the abdominal wall","volume":"32","author":"Angerpointner T","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z Kinderchir"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2050.2003.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970711)71:1<8::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects\u2014United States, 1999\u20132001","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.155","article-title":"Alcohol intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism modify the relation of folate intake to plasma homocysteine","volume":"82","author":"Chiuve SE","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.12.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.6.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-004-1287-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3.915"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2002","volume":"52","author":"Martin JA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"A risk analysis of congenital defects due to drug intake during pregnancy. 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