{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:56:26Z","timestamp":1791950186054,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:bold> Review of published studies of birth defects of the renal, liver, and gastrointestinal organ systems in subjects with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). <jats:bold>METHOD:<\/jats:bold> We searched PubMed (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov\">http:\/\/www.pubmed.gov<\/jats:ext-link>) using the following terms: fetal alcohol syndrome and: gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, and congenital abnormalities for all years and English only citations. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> We located 12 studies of FASD and defects of or functional impairments for the liver, 12 of renal abnormalities, and only two with gastrointestinal defects. We did not identify specific patterns of malformations or functional deficits for any of the three organ systems. The existing literature suggests a series of nonspecific outcomes in FASD. <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder includes a diagnostic category of alcohol\u2010related birth defects which is clinically difficult to apply. This study adds to the existing literature on birth defects in FASD which is still very limited. The categorical diagnosis of alcohol\u2010related birth defects requires additional research to determine if a specific pattern of organ specific abnormalities or functional deficits emerges in subjects with FASD. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T19:25:08Z","timestamp":1233343508000},"page":"179-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Review of published studies of kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal birth defects in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Burd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(84)90012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2669-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5217-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome","author":"Abel E","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00858439"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol syndrome and related conditions: The 4\u2010digit diagnostic code","author":"Astley 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