{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:00:11Z","timestamp":1791198011515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]],"date-time":"2010-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is a well\u2010known teratogen that increases the risk for birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). We have previously shown that maternal diabetes profoundly affects gene expression in the developing embryo, in particular a suite of known NTD genes. In rodent experimental systems, NTDs present as phenotypes of incomplete penetrance in diabetic pregnancies. This property is difficult to reconcile with observations of consistently altered gene expression in exposed embryos. We here show that maternal diabetes increases the overall variability of gene expression levels in embryos. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Altered gene expression and increased variability of gene expression together may constitute the molecular correlates for incomplete phenotype penetrance. <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold> Based on this model, we suggest that maternal diabetes reduces the precision of gene regulation in exposed individuals. Loss of precision in embryonic gene regulation may include changes to the epigenome via deregulated expression of chromatin\u2010modifying factors. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying such epigenetic modifications in diabetic pregnancies will help to understand how teratogenic insults compromise embryonic development and possibly provide avenues for therapeutic intervention. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]],"date-time":"2010-06-17T14:52:26Z","timestamp":1276786346000},"page":"601-611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Neural tube defect genes and maternal diabetes during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"J. Michael","family":"Salbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kappen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00125-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7103.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1016222"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-009-0338-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807651200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"796","article-title":"The William Allan Memorial Award Address: evolution of a palatable multifactorial threshold model","volume":"32","author":"Fraser FC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-199408000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1016220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986708"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","article-title":"The genetics of the mouse","author":"Gr\u00fcneberg H","year":"1952","journal-title":"The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046884-6.01511-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.071407.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KrugerC KappenC.2010.Microarray analysis of defective cartilage in Hoxc8\u2010 and Hoxd4\u2010transgenic mice. 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