{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:43:47Z","timestamp":1791283427309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,28]],"date-time":"2010-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spina bifida (SB) is a common congenital malformation in Southeast Mexico. Parents of children with SB reside in areas with frequent pesticide spraying or have agriculture activities, suggesting potential exposure to pesticides. Paraoxonase 1 (<jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic>) is the responsible enzyme for deactivation of organophosphates (OP) in the central nervous system. Polymorphisms of <jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic> genes influence the catalytic activity and plasma protein level of the enzyme, therefore, genotypic characterization of <jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic> gene represents a potential predictor for susceptibility to OP\u2010related effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of <jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic> haplotypes and polymorphisms (\u2212<jats:italic>108CT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L55M<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Q192R<\/jats:italic>) were determined in this study. A case\u2010control study was performed to evaluate the risk for having offspring affected by SB in 152 cases and 160 control parents. Polymorphisms were determined by PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism and Real Time\u2010PCR. Odds ratios and confidence interval 95% were estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genotype frequencies for the three <jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms were distributed according to Hardy\u2013Weinberg expectations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05) and were significantly different between cases and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The heterozygous <jats:italic>CT<\/jats:italic> genotype of \u2212<jats:italic>108CT<\/jats:italic> polymorphism, the <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic> genotype of <jats:italic>Q192R<\/jats:italic> polymorphism, both <jats:italic>LM<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MM<\/jats:italic> genotypes of <jats:italic>L55M<\/jats:italic> polymorphism, and the haplotypes 221 and 222 (for \u2212<jats:italic>108CT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L55M<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Q192R<\/jats:italic>) were associated with the risk for having a child affected by SB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.02). The heterozygous \u2212<jats:italic>108CT<\/jats:italic> genotype was associated only maternally, whereas the heterozygous <jats:italic>L55M<\/jats:italic> genotype was relevant only in the fathers. The <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic> homozygous genotype was relevant both in mothers and fathers, suggesting the importance of this substrate\u2010specific polymorphism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that <jats:italic>PON1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms are relevant risk factors for having offspring affected with SB in this population from Southeast Mexico. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,29]],"date-time":"2010-10-29T11:57:00Z","timestamp":1288353420000},"page":"987-994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Paraoxonase 1<\/i> polymorphisms and haplotypes and the risk for having offspring affected with spina bifida in Southeast Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mart\u00edn Cerda\u2010Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Luna\u2010Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Canto\u2010Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Pinto\u2010Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Perez\u2010Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betzabet","family":"Quintanilla\u2010Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"598","article-title":"Molecular basis for the polymorphic forms of human serum paraoxonase\/arylesterase: glutamine or arginine at position 191, for the respective A or B allozymes","volume":"52","author":"Adkins S","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-009-0038-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.1998.2787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200102000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001714"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n y Salud 3. 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