{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:57:26Z","timestamp":1791269846415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although associations between maternal parity and birth defects have been observed previously, few studies have focused on the possibility that parity is an independent risk factor for birth defects. We investigated the relation between levels of parity and a range of birth defects, adjusting each defect group for the same covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included infants who had an estimated delivery date between 1997 and 2007 and participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite case\u2010control study. Cases included infants or fetuses belonging to 38 phenotypes of birth defects (n = 17,908), and controls included infants who were unaffected by a major birth defect (n = 7173). Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for 12 covariates using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with primiparous mothers, nulliparous mothers were more likely to have infants with amniotic band sequence, hydrocephaly, esophageal atresia, hypospadias, limb reduction deficiencies, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, tetralogy of Fallot, and septal cardiac defects, with significant ORs (1.2 to 2.3). Compared with primiparous mothers, multiparous mothers had a significantly increased risk of omphalocele, with an OR of 1.5, but had significantly decreased risk of hypospadias and limb reduction deficiencies, with ORs of 0.77 and 0.77.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nulliparity was associated with an increased risk of specific phenotypes of birth defects. Most of the phenotypes associated with nulliparity in this study were consistent with those identified by previous studies. Research into biologic or environmental factors that are associated with nulliparity may be helpful in explaining some or all of these associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.22889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T06:10:28Z","timestamp":1330409428000},"page":"230-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Is maternal parity an independent risk factor for birth defects?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Hao T.","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne T.","family":"Hoyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Canfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"McNeese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy Kim","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parity and hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Baird JT","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20642"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04345-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Higher maternal levels of free estradiol in first compared to second pregnancy: early gestational differences","volume":"76","author":"Bernstein L","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Birth order in subjects with cleft lip and palate","volume":"22","author":"Bethmann W","year":"1967","journal-title":"Dtsch Zahnarztl Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2050.2003.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00718.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32208"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000091603.43531.d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129098"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20415"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2011.About BMI for Adults. 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