{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:22:36Z","timestamp":1788304956574,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> The causes of choanal atresia or stenosis (CA) are largely unknown. Infant thyroxine (T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) levels collected during newborn screening may be proxy measures for a risk factor present during the critical period of development. Therefore, we conducted a case\u2010control study to examine the association between newborn T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels and CA. <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> Data for cases with CA and controls were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry for the period of 2004 to 2007. Information on infant T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels at birth was obtained from the Texas Newborn Screening Program. Controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3570) were drawn from unaffected births in Texas for the same period and frequency matched to cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 69) on year of birth, then linked to the newborn screening database. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between continuous and categorical infant T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels and nonsyndromic CA. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> After adjustment for gestational age and year of birth, infant T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels were inversely associated with CA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80\u20130.90). We observed a linear trend (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) across quartiles of T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>; compared to infants with low levels, AORs for CA were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.28\u20130.91), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20\u20130.75), and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.06\u20130.40) for infants with medium\u2010to\u2010low, medium, and high levels, respectively. <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> Our findings suggest a role of low thyroid hormone levels in the development of CA, or that low newborn T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels are potential proxy measures of a risk factor present during the critical period. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T09:09:25Z","timestamp":1351847365000},"page":"951-954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association between thyroxine levels at birth and choanal atresia or stenosis among infants in Texas, 2004\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Canfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Shahrukh","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Marengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Agopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Belmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Freedenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Tanksley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"American Thyroid Association.2012.Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy. Available at:http:\/\/www.thyroid.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/patients\/ brochures\/Thyroid_Dis_Pregnancy_broch.pdf. Accessed 10 August 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33882"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328332a4ce"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2006.04.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(99)00298-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1984.tb00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10032"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.23091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.23091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:12Z","timestamp":1700568732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.23091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.23091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.23091","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}}}