{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:58:44Z","timestamp":1791424724861,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin A has been related to the etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We performed a case\u2010control study to investigate whether maternal dietary vitamin A intake is related to CDH in the offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010one pregnancies diagnosed with CDH and 46 control pregnancies were included during the study. After CDH diagnosis and inclusion of controls by risk set sampling, maternal vitamin A intake was investigated with a food frequency questionnaire. Serum retinol and retinol\u2010binding protein were determined. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate risk estimates with adjustment for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no significant differences in the overall nutrient and vitamin A intake between case and control mothers. After stratification in body mass index (BMI) categories, case mothers with normal weight showed a lower energy adjusted vitamin A intake (685 vs. 843 \u03bcg retinol activity equivalents [RAEs] \/ day; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) and a slightly lower serum retinol (1.58 vs. 1.67 \u03bcmol\/L; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.08) than control mothers. Vitamin A intake &lt;800 \u03bcg retinol activity equivalents (recommended daily intake) in normal weight mothers was associated with a significantly increased CDH risk (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5\u201334.4; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). Associations were not significantly different in underweight and overweight mothers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In normal\u2010weight mothers, dietary vitamin A intake during pregnancy below the recommended daily intake is significantly associated with an increased risk of a child with CDH. This finding supports the retinoid hypothesis in human CDH, but warrants further investigation in larger study populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T08:07:31Z","timestamp":1357200451000},"page":"60-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Dietary vitamin A intake below the recommended daily intake during pregnancy and the risk of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the offspring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Leonardus W. J. 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