{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:10:04Z","timestamp":1791144604083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural tube defects (NTD) involve disruptions in the axial mesenchyme, and are related to an imbalance between folic acid (FA) and homocysteine (Hcy). This study evaluated the effects of FA\/Hcy imbalance on cell proliferation and expression of the Pax 1\/9 and Sox 9 gene products in the axial mesenchyme of chickens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryos were incubated (38\u00b0C) and pretreated at 24 h and treated at 46 h of incubation. The experimental groups were: FA\u2010pretreated with saline and treated with 0.5 \u03bcg FA\/saline; Hcy\u2010pretreated with 50 \u03bcl saline and treated with 20 \u03bcmol D,L\u2010Hcy\/50 \u03bcl saline; FA+Hcy\u2010pretreated with 0.5 \u03bcg FA\/50 \u03bcl saline and treated with 20 \u03bcmol D,L\u2010Hcy\/50 \u03bcl saline; and the control embryos were pretreated and treated with saline. Embryos were analyzed at E4 and E6. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify proliferating cells and the expression of the gene products of Pax 1\/9 and Sox 9. Total RNA of the E4 embryos was extracted and a RT\u2010qPCR assay was performed to quantify Pax 1\/9 mRNA expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hcy treatment caused spinal NTD and abnormalities in axial mesenchyme development, affecting the distribution of sclerotomal cells and chondrification. Hcy also reduced cell proliferation and changed the expression of Pax 1\/9 and Sox 9 in the mesenchyme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data clarified the relationship between spinal NTD genesis and disruptions of Pax 1\/9 and Sox 9 gene products in the axial mesenchyme caused by the FA\/Hcy imbalance. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:386\u2013397, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T14:53:04Z","timestamp":1369752784000},"page":"386-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Homocysteine causes disruptions in spinal cord morphology and changes the expression of Pax 1\/9 and Sox 9 gene products in the axial mesenchyme"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Karoline","family":"Kobus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Campus Universit\u00e1rio Trindade Florian\u00f3polis SC 88040\u2010900 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dib","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Campus Universit\u00e1rio Trindade Florian\u00f3polis SC 88040\u2010900 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelise Maria","family":"Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 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