{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:24:59Z","timestamp":1768469099284,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is evidence from previous studies that maternal occupational exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) is positively associated with oral clefts; however, studies evaluating the association between residential exposure to these toxicants and oral clefts are lacking. Therefore, our goal was to conduct a case\u2010control study examining the association between estimated maternal residential exposure to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) and the risk of oral clefts among offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on 6045 nonsyndromic isolated oral cleft cases (3915 cleft lip with or without cleft palate [CL\u2009\u00b1\u2009P] and 2130 nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate [CP] cases) delivered between 1999 and 2008 were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry. The control group was a sample of unaffected live births, frequency matched to cases on year of birth. Census tract\u2010level estimates of annual average exposures were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2005 Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure Model (HAPEM5) for each pollutant and assigned to each subject based on maternal residence during pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between estimated maternal exposure to each pollutant (BTEX) separately and the risk of oral clefts in offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>High estimated maternal exposure to benzene was not associated with oral clefts, compared with low estimated exposure (CL\u2009\u00b1\u2009P adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.95; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.81\u2009\u2212\u20091.12; CP adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.85; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.67\u2009\u2212\u20091.09). Similar results were seen for the other pollutants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, there was no evidence that maternal exposure to environmental levels of BTEX was associated with oral clefts. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:532\u2010537, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1374778076000},"page":"532-537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluating the effects of maternal exposure to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene on oral clefts among offspring in Texas: 1999\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Anushuya","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Section of Hematology\u2010Oncology Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Agopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Defense Fund Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.2004.Interaction profile for: benzene toluene ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Service."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2006.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.4.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000214466.06076.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer.1987.Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 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